Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering

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Chapter 13 Genetic Engineering

• Standard 5.c
• Students will know how genetic engineering
  (biotechnology)is used to produce novel
  biomedical and agriculture products.

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Section 13-2 DNA Manipulation

• Genetic Engineering

Making Changes in the genetic code of a living
organism.
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• B. DNA Extraction Like we did in the banana lab.
  You extract the DNA from the
• The cell is _________ (by soap/shampoo) and the
  DNA is _________ from the other cell parts (by
  the salt and filtration).

organism of interest.
opened
separated
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• C. Cutting DNA The DNA that was extracted is
  _________ to be analyzed so it must be cut down.
• The DNA is exposed to
• ______________________, specific to a particular
  sequence of nucleotides (___________________),
  and breaks the DNA into smaller fragments.
  Creating ____________.

too large
restriction enzymes
recognition sequence
sticky ends
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• D. Separating DNA Once cut into fragments the
  DNA is separated and analyzed by
  __________________
• A _____________________________are placed at one
  end of a gel and an ______________ is applied to
  the gel.
• When the power is turned on the
  _____________________ molecules move toward the
  positive end of the gel.
• The ___________________________and farther down
  the gel while the_____________________________.
• It can be used to compare ________ of different
  organisms or individuals.

Gel Electrophoresis
mixture of the DNA fragments
electric voltage
negatively charged DNA
smaller fragments move faster
larger fragments are slower
genes
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DNA Gel Electrophoresis
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Using the DNA Sequence

• Once in a manageable form the DNA can be
• _____________________________.
• Reading the sequence A _____________ is used to
  read the DNA sequence.
• B. Unknown DNA strands are exposed to
  _________________ and the _________________
  (A,T,C,G) along with a ________________ and
  allowed to replicate off the unknown
  strand____________.

read, studied and even changed
chemical trick
DNA polymerase
four nucleotides
chemical dye
many times
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Using the DNA Sequence

• C. With every dye-labeled base added the
  synthesis of that strand is ____________ .
• D. When synthesis is completed the new strands
  are of _________________ depending on how far the
  strand had progressed before the dye-labeled base
  was added.
• E. Since each base is labeled with a different
  color, result is a _______________________________
  
• _______________________________________
• F. They are then separated by ________________
  and the _________________ tells
  the______________.

terminated
different lengths
series of dye labeled DNA
fragments of different lengths.
gel electrophoresis
color of the bands
DNA sequence
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Reading the Sequence
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Cutting and Pasting

• A. DNA sequences can now be ________ in many
  ways.
• B. Short pieces can be assembled by using
  machines known as __________________.
• C. New synthetic segments of DNA can be joined
  to natural ones using _____________________
• ______________________
• D. We can also take DNA from ___________ and
  splice it to DNA _____________________ .
• E. These are examples of __________________
  produced by joining DNA from different sources.

changed
DNA synthesizers
enzymes
that splice them together.
one organism
from another organism
Recombinant DNA
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Making Copies

• We often need to make __________________ (crime
  scene when only a little DNA can be collected) so
  we can have enough to run _______________ tests
  on them.
• __________________________ (PCR) is the method by
  which we do this.

copies of a gene
multiple DNA
Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Making Copies

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) requires us to
  do _______________ in a lab.
• First we add a _________________ to the DNA
  fragment at both ends so the _______________ can
  attach and start working.
• The the DNA is _________ to cause separation of
  the two strands.
• Then, ___________________________ the two
  strands.
• The copies can also be copied in the same way and
  therefore _________________ are needed to make
  many times the DNA you began with.

DNA replication
primer sequence
DNA polymerase
heated
DNA polymerase begins to copy
only a few cycles
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PCR
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13-4 Applications of Genetic Engineering

• This recombinant DNA technology has allowed
• us to add DNA from one organism into another
• organism as depicted in the ______________
• ___________ done in1986. (see fig. 13-12 p. 331)
• This showed the _______________ of the genetic
• mechanisms.
• Transgenic Organisms organisms that contain
• ___________________________
• Key point Genetic engineering has spurred the
  growth of biotechnology, which is a new industry
  that is changing the way we interact with the
  living world.

luciferase experiment
universal nature
genes from other organisms.
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• B. Transgenic Microorganisms
• Because of their ability to _________
• ________________ and are ____________ transgenic
  bacteria are now used to produce many important
  substances for ________________
• ________________
• The _______________ of proteins such as insulin,
  human growth hormone, and clotting factor.
• Make _____________ bacteria.
• In the future they may be used for substances
  that fight ________ and for raw materials for
  synthetic
• _________________________.

rapidly reproduce
easy to grow
health and industry.
humans forms
oil eating
cancer
fibers and plastics
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• C. Transgenic Animals
• Transgenic animals have been used to
• __________________________________________
• Mice have been made with a _________________
• ________ so they can study the effect of certain
  diseases on the human immune system.
• Livestock have extra _____________________
• In the future, the livestock may actually produce
  in _________________ their milk making it easier
  for us to collect an refine them.

study genes and to improve the food supply.
human immune system
growth hormone genes
human proteins
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• D. Transgenic Plants
• Transgenic plants are now an important part
• of our_____________. Also known as _________
• ______________ (GM) foods.
• Many contain genes with _________________ or
• insecticides so we dont have to use damaging
• insecticide or pesticide chemicals on the crops.
  As
• well as ______________________ so we can
• continue to control weeds.

food supply
genetically modified
natural pesticides
resistance to weed killers
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• Many of these plants will soon be able to
• produce _________________ that can be used
• to fight infections, _______ that can now only
• be produced using petroleum, and foods that
• are resistant to ________________.
• ___________ is already being produced. This
• is a GM rice that contains ____________
• and makes the health of our poorest nations
• better.

human antibodies
plastics
rot and spoilage
Golden rice
vitamin A
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Hello Dolly
Dolly, a female sheep or ewe, was the first
mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell,
using the process of nuclear transfer.
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Flowchart
Section 13-4
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Cloning of Dolly the Sheep
Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal
Section 13-4
Fused Cell
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Dolly and her ewe Bonny
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Dolly (July 5, 1996- February 14, 2003)
Dolly's remains as exhibited in the Royal Museum
of Scotland.
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Snuppy the first cloned dog
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Snuppy and her mothers
Genetic mom
Surrogate mom
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CC the 1st cloned cat
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Julie holds her nine-week-old cloned cat "Little
Nicky" The cat was sold to Julie by Genetic
Savings and Clone for 50,000.
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A cloned cat that glows in the dark?
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UV Light
South Korean scientists have cloned cats by
manipulating a fluorescent protein gene, a
procedure which could help develop treatments for
human genetic diseases.In a side-effect, the
cloned cats glow in the dark when exposed to
ultraviolet beams.
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"Don't clone me, bro!"
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Cloned Cows
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Cloned Pigs
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Idaho gem the first cloned mule
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Prometea the first cloned horse
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Scientists have for the first time created a
healthy clone of an endangered species, offering
powerful evidence that cloning technology can
play a role in preserving and even reconstituting
threatened and endangered species.The clone - a
cattle-like creature known as a Javan banteng -
was grown from a single skin cell taken from a
captive banteng before it died in 1980. The cell
was one of several that had remained frozen in a
vial at the San Diego Zoo until last year, when
they were thawed as part of an experimental
effort to make cloned banteng embryos.
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Baby Javan banteng clone
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Im waiting for my dream girl!
A dairy cow provided the egg and acted as the
surrogate mother. Unfortunately, despite his
healthy, masculine physique and nature, the
cloned banteng has thus far been unable to
produce offspring.
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Tetra 1st cloned monkey
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Can we clone a human?
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Should we clone a human?
Maybe
Maybe not
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Should we clone a human?
Maybe
Maybe not
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CLONED SOLDIERS ?
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