Genetic Engineering

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Genetic Engineering
The simple addition, deletion, or manipulation of
a single trait in an organism to create a desired
change.
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Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering
-major tool is recombinant DNA. -Recombinant- DNA
joined to other unrelated foreign DNA. -also
called gene splicing. -tiny segments of a gene
are taken out and replaced.
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Transgenic Organisms
Organisms altered by genetic engineering. -genetic
material changed by other than random natural
breeding. -gene transfer-moving a gene from one
organism to another. -these require skill and
knowledge to be carried out properly
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Transgenic Organisms
-GMO- genetically modified organism. -GMO free
food-product in which no transgenic materials
were used in its manufacture, such as soybeans
used in making oils. -GEO-genetically enhanced
organism
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Genetic Engineering
-genetic material can be shared across scientific
kingdoms. -bacteria engineered-produce human
proteins -potential is virtually endless.
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Agriculture
-food processors affected by genetic
engineering. -shelf-life, storage,
food-handlingextended and simplified. -help
resist spoilage.
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Agriculture
-plants transformed-insect,disease, and herbicide
resistant.-animals treated engineered
hormones-produce more milk, leaner meat.
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Health and Medicine
-affecting health care medical
industry.-alternating growth w/hormones-
replacing organs are common.-materials maybe
rejected by organism unless hormones are offered.
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Pharmaceutical Products
-Pharmacology-preparation, use, and affect of
drugs-tied to health and medicine-potential
production of drugs is great. -hormone
production-natural in endocrine system of
mammalian body.
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Pharmaceutical Products
-bacteria engineered to produce
hormone.-fermentation known as bioprocessing.
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Industry and Environment
-more efficient use of scarce minerals-greater
efficiency in mining.-major concern-waste
management.-biodegrade a number of waste
products-sewage and petroleum products.
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Genetic Engineering
-gene splicing, gene cloning, molecular
cloning-process cutting a gene out of a DNA
strand and inserting the gene into another DNA
strand.
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Endonucleases
-type of enzyme in DNA strand.-produced nucleic
acid strand breaks interior of nucleic acid
strand.-restriction endonucleases-enzyme
produced by bacteria that is used in recombinant
DNA.-cuts open bacterial plasmid.-gene
construct engineered to plasmid with ligasees.
Plasmids back to bacterium.
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Cloning Vectors
-carrier for DNA during the recombinant DNA
process.-plasmid-piece of free-floating DNA in
the cytoplasm of bacteria.-double-stranded,
circular molecules that replicate independently
of the chromosome.
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Cloning Vectors

• Promoter gene- A sequence of bases in a nucleic
  acid strand, that serves as a signal to start
  transcription.
• Chromosomal DNA construct- The gene of interest.
• Antibiotic resistant gene- Are used as a marker
  system for transformed cells.

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Ligation and Conjugation

• Ligation- uniting attaching two DNA fragments.
• Recipient cell- is the cell that is reviewing the
  new DNA.
• Donor cell- is the cell that provides the new DNA
  fragment for the recipient cell
• Virto- done in glass

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Transformation

• Transformation- process of introducing free DNA
  into bacteria
• Competent cell- a cell that is capable of taking
  up DNA.
• Electroporation- The use of an electric shock to
  momentarily open or disrupt cell walls.

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Transformation

• Conjugation- the contact of bacteria that
  involves the exchange of DNA with a mating tube.
• Transformed cell- cell with new DNA
• Marker gene- a gene that identifies which
  organisms have been successfully transformed

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Other Processes

• Totipotent- means that an organism has the
  ability to grow from a single cell
• -especially important with plants, also called
  regeneration.

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AgroBacterium Transformation

• Agro bacterium tumefacians is a bacterium that
  causes a disease known as crown gall in plants.
• Infects plants by transferring its genetic
  material into plant cell.
• Agrobacterium transformation is the most common
  technique for genetically engineered plants

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Ballistic Gene Transfer

• Ballistic Gene Transfer- the use of tiny
  DNA-coated projectiles as carriers. It is
  important to transport DNA through the walls of
  intended recipient cells.
• Projectiles are often known as micro projectiles
• Ballaistic transformation is done by using a
  gene gun the gene gun has been useful in
  creating agricultural crops.

Ballistic Gene Transfer- the use of tiny
DNA-coated projectiles as carriers. It is
important to transport DNA through the walls of
intended recipient cells. Projectiles are often
known as micro projectiles Ballaistic
transformation is done by using a gene gun the
gene gun has been useful in creating agricultural
crops.
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The Role of Tissue Culture

• Callus- a mass of undifferentiated plant cells.
• By making a callus the number of transformed
  cells is increased

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Genetic Engineering of Animals

• Due to early cell differentiation, genetic
  transformation in animals must occur in the early
  embryo stage following the union of sex cells
• This is accomplished by using microinjection, to
  randomly inject DNA into the fertilized call
• Microinjection- is the injection of materials
  directly into cells using a small glass pipette.

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Genetic Engineering of Animals

• The process of creating transgenetic animals
  involves three major steps
• Obtaining embryos
• Microinjectioing embryos
• Culturing and transferring zygotes
• Transgenetic integration- is expressed by the
  animal of that desired trait.

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THE END

• By Kay Jessica