RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING USING GIS-A case study in Palakkad district

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RURAL ROAD NETWORK PLANNING USING GIS-A case
study in Palakkad district

• Guided by
  Presented by
• Prof.M.V.L.R. Anjaneyulu
  Keerthi.M.G
• 
  Ceo4m007

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STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

• Introduction
• Scope and Objectives of the Study
• Literature Review
• Brief Review of the Software Used
• Data Collection
• Analysis of Data
• Conclusions
• Limitations and Scope for Future Study
• References

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INTRODUCTION

• As roads are the only means of transport
  available to most of the rural settlements, it
  plays a predominant role in the comprehensive
  development of a society. It acts as the lifeline
  of the rural economy and society.

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STATUS OF CONNECTIVITY OF VILLAGES
Sl.no Population Total Number of Villages Total Number of Villages Connected ( of Total)
1 Less than 1000 459465 173837(37.83)
2 1000 -1500 58029 45138(77.79)
3 More than 1500 143248 132108(92.22)
Total Total 660742 351083(53.13)
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SCOPE OF THE STUDY

• Palakkad is a typical hill district in Kerala
  having a predominant share of rural population.
• Detailed Panchayath Resource Maps based on
  cadastral maps are prepared by the Kerala Land
  Use Board.
• Network planning mainly aims to improve
  flexibility of travel and reduce the circuity.

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

• To review the rural road network development
  strategies that have been recommended by
  researchers.
• Collection of secondary data,preparation of maps
  and database in GIS.
• Identification of major villages or the future
  growth villages
• 
  (contd)

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• To generate road networks based on alternative
  scientific procedures
• Evaluation of the alternative networks using
  graph theoretical indices
• To suggest a methodology for link prioritization
  

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LITERATURE REVIEW

• Mineetha (1992), in her work on "Generation and
  testing of alternatives for rural road network
  development -a case study of Kozhikode District",
  has made an attempt to identify village hierarchy
  based on the trip rate produced from each
  village.Factor analysis was used for analysis.
• Purushottam,et al(1993)in their paper Scientific
  preparation of Master plans for Rural Roads in
  Andra Pradesh has suggested that rural road
  network planning is to be carried out in three
  stages viz node choice, link choice ,network
  choice which are decided on the basis of
  Transport Priority index,Link Priority index and
  Village Affinity index.
• Raji(1997),in her Ph.D thesis work Rural Road
  Network Planning through Transportation Related
  Hierarchy of Settlements developed a systematic
  procedure to identify hierarchy of settlements is
  done in a multidimensional framework using non
  hierarchical clustering.
  (Contd)

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• Daya Krishnankutty(1997),in her dissertation work
  on Rural Road Network Planning for Kasargod
  district, conducted primary household surveys to
  understand the travel characteristics of the
  rural community and predicted the average trip
  rate of villages using data from census reports
  and using multiple regression analysis.
• Prasada Rao, et al(2003) in their paper
  Information system for rural road network
  planning - a case study,GIS has been used for
  planning of rural road connectivity for a
  Community Development block and the information
  system was developed for village and rural roads.
  
• Praveen Kumar , et al(2004) in their paper
  Facility Based Network Planning of Rural Roads
  Using GIS, a computer based user friendly rural
  road network design model was developed.

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GRAPH THEORETICAL INDICES FOR NETWORK
EVALUATION

• Connectivity Measures
• Alpha Index - Measure of redundancy
• Beta Index - Measure of completeness
• Gamma Index-Measure of connectivity

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• Accessibility Measures
• Mean Associate Number Gives the total length of
  links needed to connect a link to the most
  distant node
• Mean Dispersion Index Gives the total number of
  links needed to connect any node with all other
  nodes in the network
• Circuity Index Measures the directness of route
  connecting two nodes

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Components of GIS
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REVIEW OF THE SOFTWARE USED
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TERMINOLOGIES USED IN GEOMEDIA

• GeoWorkspace
• Co ordinate system
• Geographic
• Projected
• Warehouse
• Windows
• Map Window
• Data Window
• Layout Window
• Legend
• Feature and feature class

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FUNCTIONS OF GEOMEDIA

• Digitization
• Development Of Database
• Running Queries
• Buffer Analysis
• Thematic Mapping

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Map Window with Legend Entries
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DATA COLLECTION
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STUDY AREA

• Ottapalam Block
• Mannarkkad Block
• Latitude between 10021and 11014
• Longitude between 76002and 76054

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ADMINISTRATIVE PROFILE OF THE BLOCKS IN PALAKKAD
DISTRICT
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CATEGORYWISE LENGTH OF PWD ROADS IN PALAKKAD
DISTRICT
Sl. No. Category of Roads Length (in kms.) of Road Length (in kms.) of Road
Sl. No. Category of Roads Palakkad Kerala
1 National Highways 141.000 (9.25) 1523.954
2 State Highways 373.079 (9.86) 3784.717
3 Major District Roads 794.026 (6.78) 11711.264
4 Other District Roads 436.910 (8.22) 5315.518
5 Village Roads 42.390 (6.46) 655.993
6 Municipal Road 612.905 (7.96) 7696.769
7 Panchayath Roads 6643.306 (6.97) 95516
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Distribution of Panchayath Roads
Ottapalam
Mannarkkad
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Purpose Wise Distribution of Trips
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GIS IN RURAL ROAD PLANNING

• An effective tool for village and road
  information system.
• Concurrent access to multiple users which provide
  user transactions in an efficient manner.
• It is an indispensable tool for data storage in
  planning.
• Spatial analysis capability along with thematic
  mapping, network analysis charting etc are
  important.

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Attribute Table Showing Ward Level Data Of
Mannarkkad Block
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Ward Boundaries with Facilities of Mannarkkad
Block
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Map Showing Existing Roads With Inventory Data
in Ottapalam Block
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Thematic Map Based On Population Of Ottapalam
Block
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Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to Krishi
Bhavan in Ottapalam Block
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Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to
College-Mannarkkad Block
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Thematic Mapping Based on Accessibility to High
School- Mannarkkad Block
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ANALYSIS OF DATA
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FUNCTIONAL PLANNING APPROACH

• Deals with the locational aspects of various
  facilities in a well distributed manner to cater
  to the socioeconomic needs for balanced regional
  growth.
• Prioritization of settlement is based on an index
  known as settlement index or utility value.
• SIisettlement index for habitation i
• Wxiweight for xth facility for habitation i

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RELATIVE WEIGHTS FOR FACILITY VARIABLES FOR
COMPUTING SETTLEMENT INDEX
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PANCHAYATWISE LIST OF WARDS IN OTTAPALAM BLOCK
AND CALCULATED SI
  Ward No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Panchayat Ambalappara 98 96 108 96 102 60 66 150 58 116 106 96 106 102 94 84
  Ananganadi 84 128 122 72 78 86 102 92 88 70 88 114        
  Chalavara 102 80 100 100 98 122 108 86 98 110 90          
  Lekkidi Perur 80 110 102 100 94 88 80 92 118 112 124 108 98 86    
  Vaniyamkulam 86 104 112 84 146 112 90 88 86 78 110 116 58 112 92  
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Approach for Network Connectivity
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PREDICTION OF TRIP RATES

• Trip rates are calculated using a regression
  equation
• T 60.7976.156U1/230.518U1/3-130.189U1/463
  .269U1/5-
• 2.228 (log H) 1/2
• Where T Trip rate of the ward
• UUtility Value or Ward
  index
• H Number of occupied households
  in the village

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Trip Rates from the Wards of Ottapalam Block
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IDENTIFICATION OF SETTLEMENT HIERARCHY

• By Clustering
• K-means clustering is done with the Utility
  Value of the ward as input.The wards in each of
  the blocks are classified into four
  clusters.Clustering is done in such a way that
  within variance of clusters is less compared to
  among variance.

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Hierarchy of Settlements Based on SI for
Ottapalam Block
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Hierarchy of Settlements Based on SI for
Mannarkkad Block
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BY TRIP RATE

• Trip Rate can be used as a criterion for
  identification of settlement hierarchy.It
  measures the intensity of activities within a
  settlement. Trip rate frequency distribution
  diagram is used.

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wards
Cumulative Trip Distribution Diagram-Ottapalam
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Cumulative Trip Distribution Diagram-Mannarkkad
Block
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CLASSIFICATION USING TRIP RATE IN OTTAPALAM BLOCK
Sl.No Class Range in trip rates No. of wards
1 1 5.43-6.5 9
2 2 6.5-7.54 24
3 3 7.54-8.95 27
4 4 8.95-11.55 7
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CLASSIFICATION USING TRIP RATE IN MANNARKKAD
BLOCK
Sl.No Class Range in trip rates No.of wards
1 2 5.38-6.22 32
2 1 6.22-7.41 49
3 4 7.41-9.00 30
4 3 9.00-11.34 16
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Comparison of settlement hierarchy by Clustering
and Trip Rate
Contd
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COMPARISON
BLOCK  METHODOLOGY  FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH
OTTAPALAM BY TRIP RATES 9 24 27 7
OTTAPALAM BY CLUSTERING 11 25 24 7
MANNARKKAD BY TRIP RATES 32 49 30 16
MANNARKKAD BY CLUSTERING 34 46 34 13
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PHILOSOPHY1 FOR NETWORK GENERATION

• All higher order settlements are given connection
  to the existing roads.
• All lower order settlements which are not having
  connections or having connections only through a
  single branch of a spanning tree is given
  connection to a higher order settlement or to
  another road in the vicinity, whichever is
  nearer.
• Inter settlement connections are given.

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PHILOSOPHY 2 FOR NETWORK GENERATION

• All higher order settlements are given connection
  to the existing roads
• All lower order settlements are given connection
  to higher order settlements in the hierarchical
  order as far as possible. If in any situations
  this is not possible, then connections are given
  to the nearest higher order settlement
• Inter settlement connections are given

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Existing Road Network - Ottapalam Block
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Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 1-
Ottapalam Block
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Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 2-
Ottapalam Block
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Existing Road Network Mannarkkad Block
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Road Network Generated Using Philosophy1-
Mannarkkad Block
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Road Network Generated Using Philosophy 2-
Mannarkkad Block
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EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE NETWORKS
Structural Properties of Ottapalam Block
Sl.no Properties Existing E90,V82 Alternative1 E116,V99 Alternative2 E94,V82
1 Alpha 5.66 9.33 8.17
2 Beta 1.09 1.17 1.15
3 Gamma 37.9 39.86 39.17
4 Mean Associate Number 29.12 25.86 33.24
5 Mean Dispersion Index 14.57 14.06 14.49
6 Circuity Index 1.63 1.57 1.60
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STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF MANNARKKAD BLOCK
Sl.no Properties Existing E90V82 Alternative1 E116,V99 Alternative2 E94,V82
1 Alpha 2.09 4.76 2.79
2 Beta 1.03 1.09 1.04
3 Gamma 35.07 36.84 35.55
4 Mean Associate Number Region1 Region2 36.99 31.76 20.01 25.62 34.97 24.88
5 Mean Dispersion Index Region1 Region2 19.64 17.48 10.87 13.85 17.41 12.49
6 Circuity Index Region1 Region2 2.56 2.58 1.64 1.93 2.43 2.05
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Calculation of Connectivity Indices Using
Geomedia Professional
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METHODOLOGY FOR LINK PRIORITIZATION

• Based on travel demand
• By Sensitivity Analysis Using Structural
  Properties

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Additional Links with ID to be added to Existing
links in Ottapalam Block
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LINK PRIORITIZATION USING TRAVEL DEMAND
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LINK PRIORITIZATION USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
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RECOMMENDED PROCEDURE FOR RURAL ROAD NETWORK
PLANNING

• Study the secondary data collected .
• Prioritize the settlements by its Utility Value
• Stratify the connected and unconnected
  settlements into different orders by using
  Clustering with input as the Utility Value of the
  settlement.
• Rank ordering of settlements can also be done by
  using trip rates.

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• Provide connection of higher order settlement to
  existing roads and lower orders to either the
  existing roads or higher order settlements
  whichever is nearer. Intersettlement connections
  are given.
• Evaluation of the alternative networks generated
  by using graph theoretical indices.
• Prioritization of links based on travel demand or
  sensitivity analysis.

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CONCLUSIONS

• Literature review suggests that the development
  of rural roads network linkages based on the size
  of settlement as the sole criterion is erroneous.
• The maps of two blocks of Palakkad district,
  Ottapalam and Mannarkkad are digitized using
  Geomedia Professional 5.2. The ward level
  information and road inventory data are stored in
  GIS database which is used for analysis.
• The main advantage of using GIS in this study is
  to access and analyze spatially distributed data
  with respect to its actual spatial location
  overlaid on a base map.
• The planning is mainly based on functional
  planning approach . (Contd..)

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• An index derived from a set of composite
  variables consisting of demographic
  ,socioeconomic infrastructural development and
  policy variables is used to prioritize the
  settlements.
• Two alternative strategies are proposed for rural
  road network development.
• Evaluation using graph theoretical indices
  indicates the first alternative which recommends
  direct connection irrespective of hierarchical
  order is suited for the study area.
• A methodology for link prioritization based on
  travel demand or sensitivity analysis is
  suggested.

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LIMITATIONS

• The study is limited to two blocks of Palakkad
  district
• The physical feasibility of the links should be
  checked before real life implementation of the
  network .In this study the physical feasibility
  is not considered due to time and other resource
  constraints.
• The methodology for link prioritization did not
  consider factors like cost,travel time etc.

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SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK

• By the effective utilization of the resources a
  strong database in GIS environment ,the Village
  and Road Information System can be built.This
  will be very useful for problem identification,
  planning and allocation of various socioeconomic
  facilities.
• Physical feasibility can be checked using digital
  toposheets.
• An optimal methodology for link prioritization
  can be made taking into account various factors
  like cost,travel time,travel demand ,structural
  properties.

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REFERENCES

• Daya Krishnankutty (1997), Rural Road Network
  Planning for Kasargod District, M.Tech thesis
  submitted to Calicut University.
• Khanna.S.K and Justo C.E.G, A text book on
  Highway Engineering, Nem Chand and Bros,Roorkee
• Kumar.A and Tillotson (1989), A comprehensive
  Planning Methodology for Rural Roads in India,
  IRC Journal, Vol 9-2, pp 290-332.
• Lakshmana Rao.K.M and Jayasree.K (2005), Road
  Network-Design Methods and Evaluation Patterns,
  Indian Highways, April 2005, pp 33-53.
• Mahendru A.K, Sikdar P.K and Khanna.S.K (1982),
  Nodal Points in Rural Road Network Planning,
  Indian Highways Vol 10 -4, pp 5-10.

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• Mineetha.C (1992), Generation and testing of
  Alternatives for Rural Road Network Development,
  M.Tech thesis submitted to Calicut University
• Minimal.K (1992), Development of Land use
  Transportation Models for Rural Road Network
  Planning in Thrissur district, M.Tech thesis
  submitted to Calicut University.
• Prasad Rao, Kangadurai.B, Jain.P.K and Neelam
  Jain (2003), Information System for Rural Road
  Network Planning-A case study, Map India
  Conference 2003. www.gisdevelopment.net/proceeding
  s/mapindia-2003
• Praveen Kumar, Manoj Arora and Marem Sudhakar
  (2004), Facility Based Network Planning of Rural
  Roads Using GIS, Indian Highways, July 2004, pp
  5-22

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• Purushottam.Y.S, Murahari Reddy.S, Kesavan Nair.S
  and Mahesh Chand (1993), Scientific preparation
  of Master Plans for Rural Roads in Andra
  Pradesh, IRC journal Vol 52-3, pp 357-410.
• Raji.A.K (1997), Rural Road Network Planning
  through Transportation Related Hierarchy of
  Settlements, Ph.D thesis submitted to Calicut
  University.
• Ramayya.T.V and Anantharamaiah.K.M (1986),
  Impact of Transportation Facility on Economical
  Development in Rural Areas, Proceedings of the
  international conference on Transportation System
  Studies.
• Rural Roads Manual (2002), Indian Road Congress
  Special Publication 20, New Delhi
• Sikdar.P.K (2001), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak
  Yojana-A mission for Rural Connectivity by All
  Weather Roads, Indian Highways May 2001, pp81-94

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• Sikdar.P.K, Neelam Jain, Pankaj Gupta and Kishore
  Kumar (2003), Geographic Information System in
  Transportation Planning, Map India Conference
  2003
• Srinivas.N.S, Ramesh.V.N, Satyamurthy.T.J,
  Robinson.D and Ramakrishnan.T (1992), District
  Level Planning of PWD Road Network-Palghat,
  Indian Highways March 1992, pp31-38.
• Swaminathan.C.G, Lal.N.B and Ashok Kumar (1982),
  A Systems Approach to Rural Road Development,
  IRC journal, Vol-42(4), paper no.347
• http//www.censusindia.net/

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