See full presentation on SAP 100 Rescue and Recovery Person

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RESCUESAR Crew ManualChapter 10
March 2008
CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC
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Stop, Assess, Plan
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Stop, Assess, Plan

• SAP 100 is important and required before moving
  into any rescue operation.
• Take the time to fully appraise the situation,
  and all crew are to have the opportunity to give
  input.
• The coxswain is to then put forward the rescue
  plan.
• See full presentation on SAP 100

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Rescue and Recovery
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Person in the Water

• It is important to be aware that recovering a
  person from the water is a dangerous manoeuvre.
• Mismanagement of this can severely injure or kill
  the person in the water.
• The engines must be in neutral when close to the
  person in the water.

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Person in the Water

• The following shall be considered
• 1. Wind
• 2. Swell
• 3. Current
• 4. Rescue vessel configuration
• 5. Method of recovery

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Person in the Water

• Most rigid hull inflatables will lie beam to the
  wind with the wind anywhere from 45 degrees on
  the bow to about 45 degrees on the quarter.
• Experiment with your boat to find how it lies.

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Spot the Survivor 1.
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Spot the Survivor 2.
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Approach to Person in the Water

• 1. Spotter to keep sight of person in water, and
  indicate when they can see that person by waving
  their arm in the persons direction.
• 2. If they lose sight, arm to stay pointing but
  not waving.
• 3. Head into the wind
• 4. Conduct SAP

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Approach to Person in the Water

• 5. Decide on recovery method and set up.
• 6. Run in slowly, turn across wind, downwind of
  the person in the water, and put engines in
  neutral for final approach.
• 7. Bring person in on upwind side of vessel.
• 8. Best method for anyone who has been in the
  water for any time is parbuckling.

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Rescue from Life Saving Appliances
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Rescue from Life Saving Appliances
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Rescue from Life Saving Appliances

• Care needs to be taken when recovering survivors
  from life rafts, open or enclosed lifeboats.
• Liferafts are designed as a survival capsule and
  will not not take too much abuse.
• Survivors should be removed and the raft deflated
  if possible.

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Rescue from Life Saving Appliances

• Liferafts are built with underwater pockets that
  fill with water, to minimise the drift. As such
  they will not tow with any ease.

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Rescue from Life Saving Appliances

• Lifeboats are generally substantial craft, are
  motorized, and can escorted or towed.
• In a large emergency with several lifeboats and/
  or liferafts, it is best to keep the survivors
  together on board the survival craft, and corral
  all survival craft together until further help
  arrives.

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Rescue from Life Saving Appliances
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Rescue from Shore
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Rescue from Shore
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Rescue from Shore

• Care has to taken when effecting a rescue off
  rocks, especially in any sort of weather.
• If there is bad weather or large sea or swell, it
  should be considered that any rescue from shore
  could be particularly hazardous for the rescue
  vessel and crew.
• Careful, prolonged and systematic observation of
  water behaviour must be undertaken.

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Rescue from Shore

• A crew member should be assigned just to watch
  the sea, and watch the oncoming sea and swell and
  warn of any large incoming waves.
• The other crew member should be communicating
  with those on shore.
• If there is any doubt, dont.

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Rescue from Shore
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Recovery of Non Survivors
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Recovery of Non Survivors

• Sadly when called out, it may too late to save
  everyone.
• 1. Inform JRCC of the situation, so they can
  alert police.
• 2. Wear as much protective gear as necessary.
• 3. Do not disturb the body unless it is afloat.
• 4. Manipulate the body with boat hooks.
• 5. Take photographs before handling.

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Recovery of Non Survivors

• 6. Prepare the body bag
• 7. Parbuckling the body on board is best
• Critical Incident Stress will be activated by
  JRCC.

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Treatment and Transport of Survivors
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Treatment and Transport of Survivors

• Near Drowning - Causes of drowning are
• 1. Exhaustion
• 2. Being swept into water that is too deep
• 3. Loss of vessel / surfboard / watercraft
• 4. Becoming trapped or tangled in obstruction
• 5. Hypothermia
• 6. Trauma
• 7. Diving accident

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Treatment and Transport of Survivors

• Cold Water Survival
• Where a person has been the water for any length
  of time, they are like to be suffereing from
  hypothermia
• Once they have been parbuckled into the boat, the
  least stressful way of getting the patient on
  board, they should be dried off as much as
  possible, and wrapped up well in dry blankets.

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Treatment and Transport of Survivors

• Use of a heat treat apparatus is encouraged to
  supply gentle warmth to the body core, to warm
  the body from inside.
• Children will lose heat faster that adults, and
  should take greater priority for treatment.

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Treatment and Transport of Survivors

• Diving Accidents
• In a diving accident, the person is generally
  underwater. The accident may well mean that as
  they rise to the surface, they cant do the
  necessary decompression, bubbles of gas form in
  the tissue and bloodstream, causing
  decompression sickness and gaseous embolism.

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Treatment and Transport of Survivors

• Most of these accidents, where the diver
  survives, will require rapid treatment in a
  decompression chamber.

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Transport of Survivors

• Once all casualties are on board, the rescue
  vessel should proceed at a fast but safe speed.
• Advise JRCC of the condition of patients.
• They will organise place to rendezvous with
  Emergency Health Services/ Advanced Life Support,
  and advise the rescue vessel where to proceed.

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Transport of Survivors

• It may be prudent to transfer a patient to a more
  suitable rescue vessel, such as a CCG hovercraft
  where they have more medical capabilities and
  trained crew than the auxiliary vessel.
• Do not delay unnecessarily to achieve this.
• Patients / stretchers being transferred must have
  lifejackets, or other flotation fitted.

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Transport of Survivors

• On passing the patient over to an Ambulance, a
  thorough report on the patients condition and
  treatment thus far is to be given to the
  paramedics taking over.
• The patient care form should be passed over, as
  well as any personal effects (keep a list).
• Keep a list of any first equipment landed with
  the patient, so that arrangements can be made for
  its return.

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Salving a Vessel
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Salving a Vessel

• Operations may include
• 1. Rigging de-watering pump and hoses
• 2. Damage control gear
• 3. Heaving lines/ messenger for tow line
• 4. First aid gear and stretcher
• 5. Protection from fire
• 6. Protecting from or minimising pollution

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Salving a Vessel
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Assessing a Vessels Stability
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Signs of Trouble
1. Slow sluggish roll that hangs before returning
upright 2. Listing to one side or other 3. Low
freeboard and water line deep under water 4.
Large amount of water in the bilges 5. Cargo or
weights high up on deck 6. Vessel flopping from
one side to the other
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Signs of Trouble
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Down Flooding

• Where possible, care should be taken to prevent
  ingress of water on the casualty vessel,
  especially during bad weather
• All watertight and weathertight closures should
  be checked secure where safe and possible.

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Free Surface Effect

• Free surface effect is one of several mechanisms
  where a craft can become unstable and roll-over.
• It refers to the tendency of liquids to move in
  response to changes in the attitude of a craft's
  cargo holds, decks, or liquid tanks in reaction
  to operator-induced motions (or sea states caused
  by waves and wind acting upon the craft).

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Free Surface Effect
MV Estonia
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Free Surface Effect

• These illustrations show the sequence of events
  when the Estonia on a crossing off the Baltic
  Sea, lost her bow door in heavy weather.
• Sea water got onto her car deck, sloshed over to
  one side due to the free surface effect, causing
  the ship to list, take on more water and
  ultimately capsize.

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Free Surface Effect

• It can happen on a smaller scale with a flooding
  fishing boat or pleasure craft, where the simple
  act of someone jumping on board on one side
  causes the water to move to one side and the
  craft rolls over.

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Rescue off a Lee Shore
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Rescue off a Lee Shore
Working on a casualty on a lee shore can be
particularly hazardous for the rescue vessel.
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Rescue off a Lee Shore

• It should be considered how much control of the
  rescue vessel will be required to transfer a line
  to the vessel ashore.
• The anchor should be prepared, and can be laid
  out from the rescue vessel in case it was needed
  to control the bow.

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Righting or Towing Capsized Vessels
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Righting or Towing Capsized Vessels

• Account for everyone on board
• Recover all persons in the water immediately
• Check all persons for injury and/or hypothermia
• Transport injured persons to shore if necessary
• If all persons recovered are well, then proceed
  with recovery of vessel

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Righting or Towing Capsized Vessels

• Have Towing Waiver signed
• Discuss righting with operator
• Stop / Assess / Plan

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Righting or Towing Capsized Vessels

• Crew members are never to go below decks or into
  areas where they can be trapped.
• Swamped boats may be very close to neutral or
  negative stability.
• Adding top weight by someone jumping on board may
  be enough to cause a capsize of the boat.

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Righting or Towing Capsized Vessels

• With small boats that have capsized or swamped,
  it may be possible to get them to shore, right
  them, drain most of the water out and then
  recover the boat.

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Damage Control

• CCGA Rescue Vessels generally carry limited
  equipment for damage control.
• This will consist of
• 1. Soft wood wedges - hammered into cracks or
  splits, they will expand and fill the holes ( a
  cloth wrapped around the wedge will increase
  their effectiveness)
• 2. Hard wood wedges - designed to hold items in
  place

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Damage Control

• 3.Waterproof canvas with lines to tie over a
  breach in the hull to slow water entering
• 4. Rubber tube repair plugs for ones own vessel
  as well as for casualties.
• 1, 2, and 3 above combined may reduce the leak
  into the vessel, to allow the de-watering pump to
  gain on the water coming into the vessel.

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Damage Control

• When de-watering it is important to make sure
  that
• 1. the pump is situated in a stable and well
  ventilated position,
• 2. the suction stays clear,
• 3. the suction is able to stay submerged all the
  time that it is required,
• 4. where possible pollution is minimised.

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Fire Fighting
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Fire Fighting

• Coast Guard Auxiliary vessels are not designed
  for fighting fires.
• When approaching a vessel on fire, use a water
  wall to protect the crew and boat from the heat.

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Fire Fighting

• On no account board a burning vessel.

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Fire Fighting

• All vessels carry a de-watering pump, primarily
  used for pumping out flooded vessels.
• It can be used to make a water wall.

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Fire Fighting
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Fire Fighting

• Remember oil and water do not mix, and putting
  water on a oil fire will cause instant 100x
  expansion of the water into steam, and the oil
  fire will explode.
• Only foam should be used on a major oil fire, to
  spread the foam over the burning surface and
  smother the flames.

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Helicopter Operations
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Helicopter Operations
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Helicopter Operations

• Survivors may need urgent medical attention, and
  a helicopter may be used for evacuation.
• Safety precautions include
• 1. ANYTHING loose that can be pulled out by the
  rotor down-wash must be secured
• 2. Fire fighting gear ready
• 3. Do not dazzle the helicopter with lights/
  searchlights
• 4. Do not fire flares when helicopter overhead

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Helicopter Operations

• 5. Do not touch the winch wire or the crewman
  descending until they have touched down and
  earthed themselves - otherwise you will get a
  static shock.

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Helicopter Operations

• With a rescue on a lee shore in bad weather a
  helicopter will likely be the best rescue
  resource to handle the situation, if no access is
  possible from the land.

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Helicopter Operations