Sterilization - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Sterilization

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Sterilization 4-H Veterinary Science Extension Veterinary Medicine Texas AgriLife Extension Service College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Science – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Sterilization


1
Sterilization
  • 4-H Veterinary Science
  • Extension Veterinary Medicine 
  • Texas AgriLife Extension Service
  • College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
    Science
  • Texas AM System
  • http//aevm.tamu.edu

2
Objectives
  • Understand and utilize correct sterilization and
    disinfection techniques
  • Distinguish between sterilization and
    disinfection
  • List the characteristics of an ideal antiseptic
  • Describe sterilizing agents and rank their
    effectiveness
  • Discuss the time/temperature relationship in
    destroying microorganisms

3
  • Microorganisms
  • Invisible
  • Cause infections
  • Sterilization
  • Destruction of all microorganisms
  • Disinfectant
  • Destruction of harmful organisms, or pathogens on
    nonliving objects

4
  • Disinfectants
  • Types of disinfectants
  • Bactericides
  • Fungicides
  • Germicides
  • Virucides
  • All prevent transfer of infection

5
  • Sterilization
  • Antiseptics
  • Prevent growth of microorganisms without
    destroying them
  • Not harmful to patients
  • Characteristics
  • Active against pathogens
  • Non-irritating
  • Cleansing
  • Cost-effective
  • Long shelf life
  • Safe for patient and handler
  • Stable in the presence of organic matter

6
Sterilizing Agents
  • Type of agents
  • Chemical
  • Physical
  • Moist heat
  • Dry heat
  • Most clinics use physical agents

7
  • Steps for Chemical Sterilization
  • Step 1Decontaminate, clean, and thoroughly dry
    all instruments and other items to be sterilized.
    Water from wet items will dilute the chemical
    solution, thereby reducing its effectiveness.
  • Step 2Prepare the glutaraldehyde-containing
    solution (or other chemical solution) by
    following the manufacturer's instructions--or use
    a solution that was prepared previously, as long
    as it is clear (not cloudy) and has not expired.
    After preparing the solution, put it in a clean
    container with a lid. Always mark the container
    with the date the solution was prepared and the
    date it expires.
  • Step 3 Open all hinged instruments and other
    items and disassemble those with sliding or
    multiple parts. The solution must contact all
    surfaces in order for sterilization to be
    achieved. Completely submerge all instruments and
    other items in the solution. All parts of the
    items should be under the surface of the
    solution. Place any bowls and containers upright,
    not upside-down, and fill with the solution.
  • Step 4Follow the manufacturer's instructions
    regarding the time necessary for sterilization to
    be achieved. In general, if the solution contains
    glutaraldehyde, cover the container and allow the
    instruments and other items to soak for at least
    10-12 hours. (Times vary for different products.
    Follow the manufacturer's instructions.) Do not
    add or remove any items to the solution once
    timing has begun.
  • Step 5 Remove the items from the solution using
    large, sterile pickups.
  • Step 6 Rinse thoroughly with sterile water to
    remove the residue that chemical sterilants leave
    on items. This residue is toxic to the skin and
    tissues.
  • Step 7 Store items properly. Proper storage is
    as important as the sterilization process itself.
    Place the items on a sterile tray or in a sterile
    container and allow to air-dry before use or
    storage. Use the items immediately or keep them
    in a covered, dry, sterile container and use
    within one week.

From www.engenderhealth.org/IP/instrum/inm12.html
8
  • Moist heat
  • Steam and boiling water
  • Alone not effective
  • Captured steam effective
  • Autoclave
  • Sealed chamber that furnished both hear and
    pressurized steam for sterilization
  • Inexpensive
  • Sterilizes
  • Instruments
  • Syringes
  • Needles
  • Other materials

9
  • Dry heat
  • Slow sterilizer
  • Higher temperatures
  • Penetrates
  • Oil-based materials
  • Closed containers

10
  • Steps of Dry-Heat Sterilization
  • Step 1
  • Decontaminate, clean, and dry all instruments and
    other items to be sterilized.
  • Step 2
  • Either 1) wrap the instruments and other items
    using foil, double-layered cotton, or muslin
    fabric 2) put unwrapped instruments and other
    items on a tray or shelf or 3) place instruments
    and other items in a metal, lidded container.
  • Note Because dry-heat sterilization works by
    raising the temperature of the entire item to the
    designated temperature, it is not necessary to
    open or unlock hinged instruments or other items
    or to disassemble those with sliding or multiple
    parts. In addition, instruments and other items
    can be placed in closed containers.
  • Step 3
  • Place instruments and other items in the oven,
    and heat to the designated temperature. The oven
    must have a thermometer or temperature gauge to
    make sure the designated temperature is reached.
  •  
  • Use the list here to determine the appropriate
    amount of time to sterilize instruments and other
    items for different temperatures. (do not begin
    timing until the oven reaches the desired
    temperature, and do not open the oven door or add
    or remove any items). The times shown here
    represent the amount of time that items must be
    kept at the desired temperature to ensure that
    sterilization is achieved. Keep in mind that the
    total cycle time--including heating the oven to
    the correct temperature, sterilization, and
    cooling--is usually twice as long as the time
    noted here. 
  • Temperature 170 degrees C (340 degrees F) - 1
    hour160 degrees C (320 degrees F) - 2 hours150
    degrees C (300 degrees F) - 2.5 hours140 degrees
    C (285 degrees F) - 3 hoursNote Because dry
    heat can dull sharp instruments and needles,
    these items should not be sterilized at
    temperatures higher than 160 degrees C.
  • Step 4
  • Leave items in the oven to cool before removing.
    When they are cool, remove items using sterile
    pickups and use or store immediately.
  • Step 5
  • Store items properly. Proper storage is as
    important as the sterilization process itself
  • Wrapped items. Under optimal storage conditions
    and with minimal handling, properly wrapped items
    can be considered sterile as long as they remain
    intact and dry. For optimal storage, place
    sterile packs in closed cabinets in areas that
    are not heavily trafficked, have moderate
    temperature, and are dry or of low humidity. When
    in doubt about the sterility of a pack, consider
    it contaminated and re-sterilize it.
  • Unwrapped items. Use unwrapped items immediately
    after removal from the autoclave or keep them in
    a covered, sterile container for up to one week.

11
  • Direct flame
  • Can damage the exposed object

12
Time/Temperature Relationship
  • Most important factor in destroying
    microorganisms is length of exposure to heat
  • Varies with microorganisms
  • The higher the temp the faster it will kill
    microorganisms exposed
  • Temps lower than boiling point can sterilize some
    medications and milk

13
Other Sterilization Technology
  • Filtration
  • Ultraviolet irradiation
  • Cold sterilization
  • Ethylene oxide

14
  • Filtration
  • Complete removal of microorganisms and particles
    of a certain size from liquid or gas
  • Used by vet personnel in producing sterile and
    particle-free fluids, such as intravenous fluids

15
  • Ultraviolet irradiation
  • Destroys microorganisms in air, liquid, and
    surface
  • Germicidal UV radiation is generated by passing
    electricity through mercury vapor in special
    glass tubes
  • UV lamps sterilize most effectively in still air
    at room temperature

16
  • Cold sterilization
  • Gamma radiation
  • Kill microorganisms without a rise in temperature
  • Highly successful in sterilizing
  • Syringes
  • Stitching (sutures) materials
  • Containers

17
  • Ethylene oxide
  • Makes possible the use of low cost, plastic
    materials for sterile, disposable medical
    instruments
  • Primary gas used in hospitals and clinics to
    sterilize items that cannot withstand steam
    sterilization
  • Vapors are hazardous to people
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