Language Arts and Reading: Study Topics

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Language Arts and Reading Study Topics

• Vicki Sterling
• Linda Venekamp

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Understanding Literature Narratives Elements of
a story (story grammar)

• Plot elements
• -Rising action
• progressive, episodic, flashbacks
• - Internal and external conflict
• - Complication, problem
• - Suspense, cliffhanger
• - Crisis
• - Climax or turning point
• - Resolution

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Understanding Literature Narratives

• Characterization (through a characters words,
  thoughts, actions, appearance, etc.)
• Setting established through description of
  scenes, colors, smells, etc.)
• Tone (manner of expression in speech or writing)
• tongue in cheek, edgy, soft
• Theme
• Point of view (first person, third-person
  objective, third person omniscient)
• Perspective (attitude of the narrator of the
  story)

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Understanding Literature Narratives

• Literary devices and style elements
• Foreshadowing
• Figurative language (e.g., metaphor, simile,
  hyperbole, personification)
• Symbol
• Imagery
• Glossary of Terms

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Understanding Literature Narratives

• Literary devices and style elements
• Word choice
• Mechanics (e.g., punctuation, sentence structure)
• Use of dialect or slang

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Understanding Literature Narratives

• In class we use
• Fiction
• Realistic
• Fantasy
• Traditional
• Non-fiction
• Biography
• Informational
• Poetry

• Fiction genres
• Novel
• Short story
• Science fiction
• Fable
• Myth
• Legend
• Folk tale

• Fairy tale
• Play (comedy, tragedy)
• Mystery
• Historical fiction
• Adventure story
• Fantasy

Genres in Childrens Literature
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Nonfiction

• Comprehension of nonfiction
• Identify the authors point of view or
  perspective
• Identify the main idea, primary hypothesis, or
  primary purpose (e.g., to persuade, to inform, to
  analyze, or to evaluate)
• Evaluate the clarity of the information
• Make valid inferences or conclusions based on the
  selection

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Nonfiction

• Identify, where appropriate, an authors appeal
  to reason, appeal to emotion, or appeal to
  authority
• Evaluate the relationship between stated
  generalizations and actual evidence given
• Evaluate organization of a selection
• For informational texts, evaluate the
  effectiveness of their organizational and graphic
  aids

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Nonfiction genres

• Trade Book
• Biography
• Autobiography
• Essay
• News article
• Editorial

• Professional journal articles
• Book review
• Political speech
• Technical manual
• Primary source material
• Lewis and Clark

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Poetry

• Construction of meaning in poetry
• Main idea or theme
• Symbolism
• Tone, emotion

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Poetry

• Roses are red,
• Violets are blue,
• Sugar is sweet
• And, so are you.
• If you love me
• As I love you,
• No knife can cut
• Our love in two.
• Tell me not in mournful numbers
• My love for you
• Will never fail
• As long as pussy
• Has
• a
• tail.

• Poetic elements
• Verse, stanza
• Meter
• Line length
• Punctuation

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Poetry

• A goblin lives in our house, in our house, in our
  house,
• A goblin lives in our house all the year round.
• He bumps
• And he jumps
• And he thumps (thump thump)
• And he stumps (stump stump.)
• He knocks (knock knock)
• And he rocks
• And he rattles at the locks.
• A goblin lives in our house, in our house, in our
  house,
• A goblin lives in our house all the year round.
• - Rose Fyleman

• Rhyme and Sound Patterns
• Rhyme scheme
• Onomatopoeia - words such as buzz or murmur that
  imitate the sounds associated with the objects or
  actions they refer to
• Repetition of words
• Alliteration - same kinds of sounds at the
  beginning of words
• Assonance - repetition of identical or similar
  vowel sounds

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Poetry

• Imagery and figures of speech
• Personification - Flowers danced about the lawn
• Metaphor - All the world's a stage
• Simile - How like the winter hath my absence been
  or So are you to my thoughts as food to life
• Hyperbole - I could sleep for a year or This book
  weighs a ton.

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Poetry

• Poetic types and forms
• Lyrical
• Concrete
• Free verse
• Narrative
• Couplet

• Elegy
• Sonnet
• Limerick
• Haiku

This is the BEST review site English Poetry
http//www.leavingcert.net/skoool/junior.asp?id14
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Resource and research material

• Reference works
• Dictionary
• Encyclopedia
• Thesaurus
• Atlas
• Almanac

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Resource and research material

• Internet
• Keyword search
• Databases
• Bulletin boards

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Resource and research material

• Other sources
• Books
• Newspapers and magazines
• Professional journals
• Readers Guide to Periodical Literature
• Primary sources, including reproductions of
  original documents

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Resource and research material

• Using resources and reference material
• Appropriateness of various sources to the project
• Quotations and paraphrases of experts
• Footnotes
• Bibliography

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Text Structures and Organization in Reading and
Writing

• Organizational patterns in text

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Patterns of expository writing

• Compare and contrast
• Chronological sequence
• Spatial sequence
• Cause and effect
• Problem and solution

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Structural elements in text

• Thesis statement
• Conclusion statement
• Transition words and phrases
• Supporting the thesis with the use of
• Examples
• Quotations
• Paraphrases of excerpts statements
• Summaries of information found in research
  sources
• Analogies

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• The only real innovation during the Renaissance
  period in terms of transport was seen in the
  Americans. By the fifteenth century, the Incas
  had constructed a network of fine roads for
  couriers. Rivers were crossed by monkey bridges
  of cable of plaited agave fibre, or floating
  bridges, or pontoons of reeds. In addition, the
  Incas used caravans of llamas, bred as beasts of
  burden even though they could only carry a
  hundredweight, and could only travel fifteen
  miles a day. These were the only important
  domestic animals of the Americas before 1492, and
  they were quite inadequate.

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• Approaching ones topic with the purpose with the
  purpose of
• Criticizing
• Analyzing
• Evaluating pros and cons

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Language in WritingGrammar and Usage

• Parts of speech
• Noun proper, common, collective
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adjective
• Adverb
• Preposition
• Definitions and quizzes
• http//webster.commnet.edu/grammar/definitions.htm
  

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Language in WritingGrammar and Usage

• Conjunction
• Phrase
• Participial phrase
• Prepositional phrase
• Appositive phrase
• Clause
• Independent clause
• Dependent clause
• http//grammar.uoregon.edu/toc.html

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Language in WritingGrammar and Usage

• Syntactical Systems
• Subject-verb agreement
• Verb tenses present, past, present perfect,
  past perfect, future, and future perfect
• Voice of verb active or passive
• Pronoun-antecedent agreement and weak reference
• Correct use of infinitive and participle

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Sentence types and sentence structure

• Sentence types
• Declarative
• Interrogative
• Exclamatory
• Imperative

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Sentence types and sentence structure

• Sentence Structure
• Simple
• Compound
• Complex
• Compound-complex
• Sentence fragment
• http//www.english.uiuc.edu/cws/wworkshop/grammar/
  sentence_types.htm

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Orthography and MorphologySpelling Study of
Word Formation

• Affixes prefix, suffix
• Roots
• Inflectional endings -indicate tense, number,
  possession or comparison
• Most words-walks, walked, walking
• Words ending in e-come, coming
• Words ending in y-carry carried carrying
• Words ending in a single vowel a consonant-hop,
  hopping, hopped
• Clusters (combining clusters to make compound
  words)

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Semantics

• Homonyms
• Antonyms
• Synonyms
• Multiple-meaning words
• Words used figuratively or idiomatically (e.g.,
  he wolfed down his food)
• Meaning-shifts due to alternative word order or
  punctuation

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

• Theories and concepts concerning
• reading development
• Major elements of the emergent literacy theory
  and major conclusions of recent research

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Major elements of the emergent literacy theory
and major conclusions of recent research

• Acting like a reader is part of becoming a reader
• Reading writing are closely related process-not
  taught in isolation
• Social process
• Preschoolers know a great deal about printed
  language
• Becoming literate is a continuous, developmental
  process
• Need to read authentic natural texts
• Need to write for personal reasons

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

• Factors influencing the development of emergent
  reading
• Concepts about print
• Sight vocabulary
• Phonemic awareness
• Alphabetic principle
• Social interaction (support by adults and peers)

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

• Frequent experiences with print
• Prior knowledge (schema)
• Motivation
• Fluency

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

• Experiences that support emergent readers
• Direct instruction
• Social interaction
• Shared reading
• Repeated readings
• Reader response
• Word walls
• Text innovation (rewrites)
• Shared writing

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• What are some of the major relationships between
  and among reading, writing, speaking, listening,
  and viewing, and why are these relationships
  important for teacher of emergent readers to
  understand?

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Childrens literature

• Selection of materials
• Who selects and in what situations?
• Quality of material
• Appropriate content
• Needs and interests of children
• School curriculum
• Balance in the collection

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Childrens literature

• Traditional criteria for evaluating fiction
• Plot
• Character
• Theme

• Specialized criteria for these types of
  literature
• Picture books
• Poetry
• Informational books
• Biography

Newbery and Caldecott Awards
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Childrens literature

• Additional criteria for these genres of fiction
• Realistic story
• Mystery
• Historical fiction
• Modern fantasy

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Strategies for Word study/solving

• Cues and how students use them
• Semantic (refers to the meaning of language-the
  words and parts of words that convey meaning as
  well as the way sentences, paragraphs, whole
  texts are interpreted by listeners and readers.)
• Syntactic systems (refers to the patterns of
  rules by which words are put together in
  meaningful phrases sentences)
• Mary ran of to see her friends.

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Strategies for Word study/solving

• Phonological system (the way listeners construct
  meaning from streams of sounds)
• Visual information (what you see when you read)
• -Relationship to print
• -Recognizing whole words
• -Word patterns
• -Syllables
• -Letters in sequence

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• Samuel and his cousin John Adams felt the
• indenture
• same way about Americans independence.
• operations racing
• Yet they had different opinions about riding
• agreed
• horses like other men did. Samuel argued
• cannon
• that walking or riding in a carriage suited
• him better.

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Children's Literature Strategies for
Comprehension

• Use of prior knowledge
• Retelling
• Guided reading
• Fluency
• Reader response

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Children's Literature

• Strategies for comprehension
• Solving words
• Adjusting reading according to purpose and
  context
• Metacognition
• Maintaining fluency
• Making connections (personal, world, text)

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• A class is reading a book that has chapter
  numbers but no chapter titles. The teacher asks
  the students to think of an appropriate title for
  each chapter. What is the main purpose in
  choosing this activity? Why is it a useful
  activity?

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Children's Literature

• Study skills and tools
• SQ3R
• KWL
• Note taking
• Marking and coding
• Graphic organizers
• Finding information in charts, tables, graphs

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• What are some effective ways to use graphic
  organizers if students understand most of the
  details in a unit, but not the central idea of
  the unit?
• What are some effective ways of guiding students
  to understand articles that feature text and
  variety of graphics?

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Communication SkillsStages of writing development

• Phase
• Picture writing
• Scribble writing
• Random letter
• Invented spelling
• Conventional writing
• Concurrent development with reading

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Communication Skills

• Stages of the writing process
• Recursive nature of the process
• Explore/Prewrite
• Draft
• Edit
• Publish

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Communication Skills

• Spelling development Constructive nature of the
  development stages
• -Scribble
• -Prephonemic
• -Early phonics
• -Letter name
• -Transitional
• -Derivational
• -Conventional

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Communication Skills

• Elements of speaking
• Purpose
• Audience
• Inclusion of visuals
• Tone
• Opening and closing

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Communication Skills

• Details and anecdotes
• Volume, pitch, pace, gestures
• Eye contact
• Voice modulation
• Focus, organization, structure, point of view

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Communication Skills

• Elements of listening
• Listening to and following directions
• Responding to literature read aloud
• Agreeing or disagreeing with the ideas in a
  speech
• Asking for clarification
• Expanding on an idea

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Communication Skills

• Repeating or paraphrasing to verify ones
  understanding
• Calling for evidence
• Summarizing major ideas and supporting evidence
• Interpreting volume, pitch, pace, gestures
• Evaluating mood or tone