Introduction into Cell Biology

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Introduction into Cell Biology
What is Life? What is a cell?
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Intro into Cell Biology
-gt All living organisms are made out of cells -gt
Cells are the smallest living unit
Human egg cell sperm
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Intro into Cell Biology
Single cell organisms Multi cell organisms -gt
Single cell organisms -gt Microorganisms
Yeast - Fungi
Bacteria
Archea
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Intro into Cell Biology
Single cell organisms Multi cell organisms -gt
multi cell organisms -gt higher degree or
organization of cells within the organism -gt
specialization of cells
Human red blood cells
Plant cells
Human skin cells
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Intro into Cell Biology
Size of the cells
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Intro into Cell Biology
Evolutionary time line
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Intro into Cell Biology
Classification of Cells
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Intro into Cell Biology
Two cell types - The Three Domain System
Prokaryotes
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Intro into Cell Biology
Cell Types
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Intro into Cell Biology
Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria
-gt Single cell organisms -gt No nucleus, no
compartments -gt Peptidoglycan cell walls -gt
Binary fission -gt For energy, use organic
chemicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis
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Intro into Cell Biology
Prokaryotes Domain Archea
-gt Lack peptidoglycan -gt Live in extreme
environments Include Methanogens Extreme
halophiles Extreme thermophiles -gt Role in
disease not well understoodthis group has only
recently been discovered
Thermophiles growing in Yellowstone hot springs.
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Intro into Cell Biology
Life on Mars?
Magnified view of objects in Martian meteorite
found in Antarctica. (Archaeobacteria like?)
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Intro into Cell Biology
Domain Eukaryotes
-gt Plantae multicellular plants, cellulose
cell wall, photosynthesis -gt Fungi Chitin cell
walls Use organic chemicals for energy Molds and
mushrooms are multicellular consisting of masses
of mycelia, which are composed of filaments
called hyphae -gt Protists Protozoa, motile via
pseudopods, cilia, or flagella Algae,
photosynthetic -gt Animalia Multicellular animals,
Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called
helminthes. Microscopic stages in life cycles
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Fungi
Intro into Cell Biology
Slime mold
Yeast
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Fungi
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Protozoa
Intro into Cell Biology
Amoeba
Euglena
Paramecium
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Protozoa - Algae
Intro into Cell Biology
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Intro into Cell Biology
Viruses -gt are NO living organisms -gt parasites
-gt Consist of DNA or RNA core -gt Core is
surrounded by a protein coat -gt Coat may be
enclosed in a lipid envelope -gt Viruses are
replicated only when they are in a living
host cell -gt Not cellular
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Intro into Cell Biology
Cell growth -gt cell division
Cell death -gt apoptosis
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Intro into Cell Biology
Cell Movement -gt Motility -gt Flagellum
Pseudomonas (3,300X)
Salmonella (1200X)
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Intro into Cell Biology
Cell Movement -gt Motility -gt Flagellum
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Intro into Cell Biology
Microorganisms are important for Food production
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Intro into Cell Biology
Microbes at Work
1. Agriculture - used to control crop
insects. 2. Bioremediation - a field of
environmental biotechnology where bacteria are
used to clean up toxic wastes. Ex. Oil
spills. 3. Pharmacology - developing
anti-microbics (antibiotics and other
chemotherapeutic substances) to destroy
pathogens. 4. Vaccines - developing weakened
strains of pathogenic bacteria or viruses in
order to protect (immunize) against
infection. 5. Snow for ski resorts (artificial)
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Intro into Cell Biology
Microbes at Work
clean up of Oil spills.
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Intro into Cell Biology
Microbes at Work
6. Forensics - analyzing DNA left as
evidence in criminal investigations (PCR
test). 7. Genetic engineering - transfer of
genes (DNA) from one organism to another 8.
Bioinformatics - the application of computer
information science to complex biological
problems (genomics, proteomics, glycomics)
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Intro into Cell Biology
Medical Microbiologi Infectious diseases
Nearly 2,000 different microbes cause
diseases. 10 B new infections/year worldwide 13
M deaths from infections/year worldwide
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Intro into Cell Biology
Medical Microbiologi Infectious diseases
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Intro into Cell Biology
Medical Microbiologi Infectious diseases
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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

• Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage
• Disproved spontaneous generation of
  microorganisms
• Developed pasteurization
• Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of
  Disease
• Developed a rabies vaccine

Insert figure 1.11
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Robert Koch (1843-1910)

• Established Kochs postulates - a sequence of
  experimental steps that verified the germ theory
• Identified cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis),
  Tuberculosis (Mycobacteria tuberculosis), and
  cholera (Vibrio cholerae)
• Developed pure culture methods

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Intro into Cell Biology
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Intro into Cell Biology
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
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Intro into Cell Biology
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Yersinia pestis
Neisseria meningitis
B. burgdorferi
Borrellia -gt Lyme disease
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Intro into Cell Biology
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Clostridium botulinum. CDC. C. tetani -gt tetanus
Bacillus anthracis
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Staphylococcus aureus
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Intro into Cell Biology
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
-gt Typhus
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Intro into Cell Biology
BACTERIAL PATHOGENS
Mycoplasma fungus-form
-gt pneumonia The smallest bacteria - 0.2
micrometers
-gt Pneumonia, Blindness
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Intro into Cell Biology
VIRAL PATHOGENS
HIV
Ebola
Smallpox
Rabies virus
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Intro into Cell Biology
EUKARYOTIC PATHOGENS
Giardia lamblia gt chronic diarrhea
Plasmodium vivax
-gt Malaria
Trichomonas vaginalis vaginosis in females and
urethritis in males.
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Fig. 1.3. Emerging infectious diseases
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Intro into Cell Biology
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria bloom
Photosynthetic, formerly blue-green algae. 2
H2O CO2 sunlight ? CH2O H2O O2


Formed O2 in the
earths atmosphere. Important nitrogen-fixers.