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Ecology

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Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment, or surroundings. Origin of the word? Ecology The scientific ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ecology


1
Ecology
  • The scientific study of interactions among
    organisms and between organisms and their
    environment, or surroundings.
  • Origin of the word?

2
Ecology
  • The scientific study of interactions among
    organisms and between organisms and their
    environment, or surroundings.
  • Origin of the word?
  • Greek word oikos which means house

3
Ecology
  • The scientific study of interactions among
    organisms and between organisms and their
    environment, or surroundings.
  • Origin of the word?
  • Greek word oikos which means house
  • therefore study of natures house

4
Levels of Organization
  • Species -

5
Levels of Organization
  • Species group of organisms so similar to one
    another that they can breed and produce fertile
    offspring.
  • Examples?

6
Levels of Organization
  • Species group of organisms so similar to one
    another that they can breed and produce fertile
    offspring.
  • Examples?
  • Not an example? mules

7
Levels of Organization
  • Population -

8
Levels of Organization
  • Population groups of individuals that belong to
    the same species and live in the same area
  • Examples

9
Levels of Organization
  • Communities -

10
Levels of Organization
  • Communities assemblages of different
    populations that live together in a defined area
  • Examples?

11
Levels of Organization
  • Ecosystem -

12
Levels of Organization
  • Ecosystem a collection of all the organisms
    that live in a particular place, together with
    their nonliving, or physical, environment
  • Examples?

13
Levels of Organization
  • Biome -

14
Levels of Organization
  • Biome a group of exosystems that have the same
    climate and dominant communities.
  • Examples?

15
Levels of Organization
  • Biosphere-

16
Levels of Organization
  • Biosphere part of Earth in which life exists
    including land, water, and air or atmosphere.
  • Example?

17
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18
Energy Flow
  • At the core of every organisms interaction with
    the environment is its need for energy to power
    lifes processes.
  • What is energy needed for?

19
Energy Flow
  • At the core of every organisms interaction with
    the environment is its need for energy to power
    lifes processes.
  • What is energy needed for?
  • To move
  • To make new cells / to grow
  • To carry out necessary chemical reactions

20
Energy Flow
  • The main energy source for life on earth is

21
Energy Flow
  • The main energy source for life on earth is
  • sunlight.
  • Of all the suns energy that reaches Earths
    surfaces, only a small amount is used by living
    things.

22
Energy Flow
  • The main energy source for life on earth is
  • sunlight.
  • Of all the suns energy that reaches Earths
    surfaces, only a small amount is used by living
    things.
  • less than 1

23
Energy Flow
  • Another source of energy for living things is

24
Energy Flow
  • Another source of energy for living things is
  • inorganic chemical compounds.
  • Examples?

25
Energy Flow
  • Another source of energy for living things is
  • inorganic chemical compounds.
  • Examples?
  • mineral water that flows underground or boils
    out of hot springs and undersea vents is loaded
    with chemical energy sulfer or nitrogen
    compounds

26
Energy Flow
  • Autotroph -

27
Energy Flow
  • Autotroph use energy from the environment to
    fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds
    into complex organic molecules.
  • May also be called?

28
Energy Flow
  • Autotroph use energy from the environment to
    fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds
    into complex organic molecules.
  • May also be called producers.
  • Examples?

29
Energy Flow
  • Autotroph use energy from the environment to
    fuel the assembly of simple inorganic compounds
    into complex organic molecules.
  • May also be called producers.
  • Examples? Plants, some algae, and certain
    bacteria

30
Energy Flow
  • Photosynthesis -

31
Energy Flow
  • Photosynthesis process where autotrophs use
    light energy to power chemical reactions that
    convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and
    energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and
    starches.

32
Photosynthesis
  • This process is responsible for adding oxygen to
    the atmosphere, and also for removing carbon
    dioxide from it.
  • Chemical equation page 68, figure 3-5
  • 6 CO2 6 H2O ? C6H12O6 6 O2
  • light carbohydrate
  • energy

33
Energy Flow
  • Chemosynthesis -

34
Energy Flow
  • Chemosynthesis process where organisms use
    chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
  • This process is performed by

35
Energy Flow
  • Chemosynthesis process where organisms use
    chemical energy to produce carbohydrates
  • This process is performed by several types of
    bacteria.

36
Energy Flow
  • What is the difference between
  • photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?

37
Energy Flow
  • Heterotroph -

38
Energy Flow
  • Heterotroph organisms that rely on other
    organisms for their energy and food supply
  • They may also be called?

39
Energy Flow
  • Heterotroph organisms that rely on other
    organisms for their energy and food supply
  • They may also be called consumers

40
Types of heterotrophs
  • Herbivores -

41
Types of heterotrophs
  • Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants
  • Examples?

42
Types of heterotrophs
  • Herbivores obtain energy by eating only plants
  • Examples? Cows, caterpillars, and deer

43
Types of heterotrophs
  • Carnivores -

44
Types of heterotrophs
  • Carnivores organisms that obtain energy by
    eating animals
  • Examples?

45
Types of heterotrophs
  • Carnivores organisms that obtain energy by
    eating animals
  • Examples? Snakes, dogs, owls

46
Types of heterotrophs
  • Omnivore -

47
Types of heterotrophs
  • Omnivore organism that obtains energy by eating
    both plants and animals
  • Examples?

48
Types of heterotrophs
  • Omnivore organism that obtains energy by eating
    both plants and animals
  • Examples? Humans, bears, crows

49
Types of heterotrophs
  • Detrivores -

50
Types of heterotrophs
  • Detrivores organisms that obtain their energy
    by feeding on detritus plant and animal remains
    and other dead matter
  • Examples?

51
Types of heterotrophs
  • Detrivores organisms that obtain their energy
    by feeding on detritus plant and animal remains
    and other dead matter
  • Examples? Mites, earthworms, snails, crabs

52
Types of heterotrophs
  • Decomposers -

53
Types of heterotrophs
  • Decomposers organisms that obtain energy by
    breaking down organic matter
  • Examples?

54
Types of heterotrophs
  • Decomposers organisms that obtain energy by
    breaking down organic matter
  • Examples? Bacteria and fungi

55
Feeding Relationships
  • Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
    direction,

56
Feeding Relationships
  • Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
    direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds

57
Feeding Relationships
  • Energy flows through an ecosystem in one
    direction, from the sun or inorganic compounds to
    autotrophs and then to various heterotrophs

58
Feeding Relationships
  • Food chain -

59
Feeding Relationships
  • Food chain a series of steps in which organisms
    transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
  • Land example?

60
Feeding Relationships
  • Food chain a series of steps in which organisms
    transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
  • Land example?
  • Grass gt antelope gt coyote
  • Aquatic example?

61
Feeding Relationships
  • Food chain a series of steps in which organisms
    transfer energy by eating and being eaten.
  • Land example?
  • Grass gt antelope gt coyote
  • Aquatic example?
  • Algae gtzooplankton gtsmall fish gtsquid gtshark

62
Feeding Relationships
  • Food web -

63
Feeding Relationships
  • Food web network of complex interactions formed
    by the feeding relationships among the various
    organisms in an ecosystem

64
Feeding Relationships
  • Trophic levels -

65
Feeding Relationships
  • Trophic levels each step in a food chain or
    food web
  • Producers make up the first trophic level

66
Feeding Relationships
  • Trophic levels each step in a food chain or
    food web
  • Producers make up the first trophic level
  • Consumers make up the second, third, or higher
    trophic levels

67
Feeding Relationships
  • Trophic levels each step in a food chain or
    food web
  • Producers make up the first trophic level
  • Consumers make up the second, third, or higher
    trophic levels
  • Each consumer depends on the trophic level below
    it for energy

68
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69
Feeding Relationships
  • Ecological pyramids -

70
Feeding Relationships
  • Ecological pyramids a diagram that shows the
    relative amounts of energy or matter contained
    within each trophic level in a food chain or food
    web.

71
Feeding Relationships
  • Ecological pyramids a diagram that shows the
    relative amounts of energy or matter contained
    within each trophic level in a food chain or food
    web.
  • Types of ecological pyramids
  • Energy biomass numbers

72
Ecological Pyramids
  • Energy Pyramid
  • Shows the relative amount of energy available at
    each trophic level
  • Only about 10 of this energy is used for life
    processes
  • The rest is lost as heat

73
Ecological Pyramids
  • Biomass Pyramid
  • Represents the amount of living organic matter at
    each trophic level
  • Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of
    the pyramid

74
Ecological Pyramids
  • Pyramid of Numbers
  • Shows the relative number of individual organisms
    at each trophic level
  • hawk
  • snakes
  • rats, mice, and rabbits
  • grasses and plants
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