15th April, 2004

1
HYDROGEN - ACTIVITIES IN THE OIL GAS SECTOR

• 15th April, 2004

R D Centre, NTPC, Noida.
2
BACKGROUND

• The Planning Commision (Power Energy Division)
  meeting held on July 18, 2003, under Chairmanship
  of Shri. K.C. Pant, (Deputy Chairman, Planning
  Commission) deliberated on the Hydrogen Energy
  Status Prospects in the 21st Century.
• Following the presentation made by MNES and input
  provided by DST, TERI, BHU, IOC and others on the
  subject, the Chairman constituted a Sub-committee
  under the Chairmanship of Shri. N.K. Singh,
  Member (Energy),Planning Commission to address
  various aspects and develop guidelines for
  Hydrogen Energy S T in the country.

3
BACKGROUND

• First meeting of the Group on Hydrogen Energy was
  held under the Chairmanship of Shri. N.K. Singh,
  Member (Energy), Planning Commission on 27th
  August 2003 at Yojana Bhawan, New Delhi.
• During the meeting it was decided to setup four
  sub-groups on different aspects of hydrogen for
  hydrogen production hydrogen storage
  distribution hydrogen applications safety
  standards, security and related policy issues.

Reports of the sub-group on Hydrogen Production
as well as the sub-group on Hydrogen Storage
Distribution were prepared by IOC-RD.
4
WHY HYDROGEN ?

• Potentially an inexhaustible supply of energy
• Can be produced from several primary energy
  sources
• Reduced dependence on petroleum imports if
  produced from coal or renewables
• Potential environmental benefits
• High energy conversion efficiency by use of H2 in
  Fuel Cells(UPTO 90) in place of I.C. engines
  (30-35)

5
HYDROGEN GENERATION

• PROCESSES
• Steam reforming of Natural Gas/Naphtha
• Partial oxidation of hydrocarbons
• Thermal cracking of Natural Gas
• Coal/Bio mass Gasification
• Electrolysis Electricity from renewable sources
  like solar, wind, hydel etc.

6
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

• World wide production
• From Natural gas (mostly steam reforming) - 48
• Oil (mostly consumed in refineries) 30
• Coal 18
• Electrolysis 4
• Nearly all H2 production is based on fossil
  fuels at present.

7
H2 OPTIONS FOR INDIA

• Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuels
• Natural Gas
• Solar / Wind power for electrolysis
• Coal
• Bio-mass
• Other options like Chlor-Alkali Units
  Co-generation electricity from Bagasse at sugar
  mills

8
STORAGE OPTIONS

• Storage as gas under pressure (250 350 bar)
• Cryogenic storage as liquid hydrogen
• (Temp. 253 0 C)
• Storage as metallic hydrides
• Carbon adsorption and glass microsphere
• storage techniques (under development)

9
MoPNG INITIATIVES ON HYDROGEN

• A presentation on Hydrogen- Status of
  development for Use in Automotive Applications
  was made by IOC(RD) on 30.6.2003 to MoPNG.
• The meeting was chaired by Secretary, MoPNG and
  attended by senior officials from Planning
  Commission, MoPNG, MNES, CSIR and Oil Industry.

10
MoPNG INITIATIVES ON HYDROGEN

• A presentation on Hydrogen - Alternative Source
  Of Energy was made to Planning Commission by
  MoPNG on 12.09.2003.
• Report of the sub-group on Hydrogen Storage
  Distribution was submitted by MoPNG to Planning
  Commission in October 2003.

11
MOPNG DECISIONS ON HYDROGEN

• Focus to be primarily on production of hydrogen,
  storage and distribution, beginning with use of
  hydrogen directly in I.C. Engines and examining
  economics of use of metal hydrides and fuel cells
  from a long-term perspective.
• Corpus of funds to be created with oil companies
  pooling resources for hydrogen research.
  Concessions required from the Finance Ministry to
  be indicated for follow up.
• IOC-RD to be the nodal agency for hydrogen
  research where a dedicated group will work,
  including experts from other organisations, such
  as CSIR,IITs,etc., on deputation.
• A Workshop / Conference on Hydrogen to be
  organized in October-November, 2003. US agencies,
  MNES, CSIR, DST and Planning Commission may be
  involved in the organisation of the event.

12
ACTIONS TAKEN BY IOC-RD

• Working groups set up within IOC (RD) on
  Production, Storage, Distribution Utilisation
• A Status Report on Hydrogen as an Alternative
  Energy Source has been prepared submitted to
  MoPNG in September 2003.
• A genset emission test bench established at
  IOC-RD to be used for conversion of portable
  gensets to Hydrogen with technical support from
  IIT, Delhi
• International Workshop on Hydrogen was
  organised by IOC RD in association with ONGC,
  BPCL, HPCL GAIL during 11-13th December 2003 in
  New Delhi.
• 17 Eminent speakers from all over the world
• Around 300 delegates
• 9 Exhibitors from India Abroad

13
ACTIONS TAKEN BY IOC-RD

• International Linkages for Hydrogen Research-
  Interest shown by following agencies to work with
  IOC-RD
• U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
• USAID / USAEP
• Institute of Transportation Studies, University
  of California, Davis
• Pure Energy Corporation, New Jersey, USA
• Energy Conversion Devices, USA
• Hydrogen Systems, Belgium
• National Hydrogen Association (NHA), USA

14
THANK YOU
15
WHY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY IS FAVOURED ?

• Batteries are the cleanest automotive energy
  source.
• To liberate electric cars from electro-chemical
  battery.
• Electric cars have a limit range and slow
  charging.
• GMs EV-1 and Hondas EV- Plus have limited
  range.
• Decades of research and investment on
  electro-chemical batteries.
• Power density is required for effective
  automotive propulsion havent attained.

16
WHY FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY IS FAVOURED ?

• Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) approach followed
  to increase range of vehicle.
• Toyota Prius and Honda Insight have been
  introduced.
• HEVs are having high efficiency internal
  combustion engines with batteries.
• Batteries supplement power to the engine during
  acceleration and hill climbing.
• Combined electric and mechanical drives make them
  costly and complex.

17
FUEL CELL THEORY

• First demonstrated in principle by British
  Scientist Sir Willliam Robert Grove in 1839.
• Groves invention was based on idea of reverse
  electrolysis.
• In electrolysis, an electric current is
  introduced in to electrolyte.
• This flow between two electrodes causes the
  splitting of water.

18
FUEL CELL THEORY

• A fuel cell consists of two electrodes - Anode
  and Cathode.
• Hydrogen and Oxygen are fed into the cell.
• Catalyst at Anode causes hydrogen atoms to give
  up electrons leaving positively charged protons.
• Oxygen ions at Cathode side attract the hydrogen
  protons.
• Protons pass through electrolyte membrane.
• Electrons are redirected to Cathode through
  external circuit.
• Thus producing the current - power

19
FUEL CELLS FOR DIRECT ENERGY CONVERSION
20
TYPES OF FUEL CELLS

• Temp.C Application
• Alkaline (AFC) 70-90 Space
• Phosphoric Acid 150-210 Commercially
  available
• (PAFC)
• Solid Polymer 70-90 Automotive application
• (PEMFC)
• Moltan Carbonate 550-650 Power generation
• (MCFC)
• Solid Oxide 1000-1100 Power generation
• (SOFC)
• Direct Methanol 70-90 Under development
• (DMFC)

21
(No Transcript)
22
(No Transcript)
23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
FUEL CELL CARS

• Start to look real
• Fuel cell car - the long awaited
• Prototype vehicles have been displayed
• Clear personal transportation of the future
• Moving from laboratory vision to technical
  reality

26
FUEL CELL APPLICATION FOR AUTOMOTIVE USE

• Proton exchange membrane (PEM) variety has
  emerged as the best design
• GM has obtained nearly 400 patents in PEM
  technology
• SOFC together with and on-board gasoline fuel
  processor or reformer would be suited as
  auxiliary power units (APUs)
• Replacement of low efficiency alternator in
  automobiles
• BMW, Renault and Delphi are pursuing this
  approach

27
FUEL CELL VEHICLE CONFIGURATION
Wheels
Batteries
AC/DC Drive motor
Fuel Cell
Power conditioner
Fuel
Accessories
Wheels
28
CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP

• The voluntary alliance to demonstrate and promote
  Fuel cell technology.
• Formally established in April 1999
• Intend to test more than 50 fuel cell cars and
  buses in California - 2001 - 2003
• Auto-makers - Daimler Chrysler, Ford, General
  Moters, Honda, Hyundai, Nissan, Toyota and
  Vollks Wagen
• Energy Providers - BP, Shell and Texaco
• Fuel Cell Cos. - Ballard Power Systems
• - International Fuel Cells.

29
CALIFORNIA FUEL CELL PARTNERSHIP

• Government Agencies
• California air Resource Board
• California Energy Commission
• South Coast Air Quality Management District
• US Department of Energy
• US Department of Transportation
• Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure
• Hydrogen Burner Technology
• Pacific Gas and Electric
• Proton energy Systems, Inc
• Stuart Energy Systems

30
FUELS FOR FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

• General Motors and Adam Opel AGs View (GAPC)
• Long term vision Hydrogen
• Problem H2 - Storage
• H2 -Infrastructure
• Bridging Strategy Fuel Cell Systems for
  vehicles using conventional / Pump Grade Fuels

Gasoline tank
Fuel Cell Drive System
Establishing infrastructure and
storage technology for hydrogen in between
co-operation of OEMs with mineral oil
companies GM / Exxon / Mobil / BP
31
GASOLINE REFORMER DEVELOPMENT

• Daimler Chrysler pursuing gasoline reforming
  tech.
• Partners - XCELLSiS, Germany and Shell Hydrogen
• Developed and tested a prototype gasoline
  reformer to produce hydrogen on board
• Shells proprietary Catalytic Partial Oxidation
  tech.
• New reactor unit performed well under stationary
  and dynamic operating conditions
• General Moters and Exxon Mobil have developed
  gasoline reformer
• Conversion efficiency of gasoline reformer - 80

32
HYDROGEN / FUEL CELL OPTION FOR POWER SECTOR

• Hydrogen Production through off peak power
  shaving
• Hydrogen via coal gasification