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Logistics 1

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Logistics The basics transportation modes mixed mode and containers A step up materials handling and warehousing True SCM Step back So far we have examined: trust ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Logistics 1


1
Logistics
  • The basics
  • transportation
  • modes
  • mixed mode and containers
  • A step up
  • materials handling and warehousing
  • True SCM

2
Step back
  • So far we have examined
  • trust
  • what we do internally
  • some of the processes related to managing our
    suppliers of materials and information
  • Logistics is then managing these flows of goods
    and information. Not only the inbound side (from
    our suppliers) but the outbound side (to our
    customers)
  • Note we have already covered information flows in
    detail

3
Logistics as a Source of competitive advantage
  • Pedal 2.2 million plus employees just in
    transportation
  • Logistics Wiz
  • Delivering the goods
  • Globalization is not possible without changes in
    logistics
  • North American companies need to expand globally
    to grow
  • UPS, Fed-EX and Yellow are logistics providers-
    doing this well is their competitive advantage
  • So what are they doing?

4
Some other key issues from articles
  • US cost of logistics this is a bit sketchy but
    over 700 billion in 2004
  • The US transportation system is at capacity !
    Mixed modes and containers change shipping
    tremendously
  • Move to 3rd parties
  • Faster ships and cargo lifters - these are very
    expensive bets with serious financing behind
    them- why

5
Stepping forward
  • Some people look at inbound logistics separately
    from outbound logistics.
  • This often leads to treating purchasing as a cost
    center
  • This assumes that managing the flows is
    significantly different. What is contained in the
    flows may differ greatly but the flows themselves
    are similar
  • Transportation - usually defined as movement of
    goods. Is a foundation of logistics so we will
    build off of basic transportation

6
Physical functions of logistics
  • All of the following are done to provide time and
    place utility.
  • Sorting out Physically separating a homogeneous
    subgroup from a heterogeneous population of items
  • ( e.g. grading, separating by sizes, or other
    physical characteristics)
  • lumber / paper / beef
  • Accumulating Combining homogeneous stocks of
    products or materials into larger quantities
  • Allocating (breaking bulk) Dividing up stocks of
    homogeneous items into smaller quantities
  • break truckloads or carload shipments into
    smaller local shipments
  • Assorting Mixing heterogeneous items into
    assortments needed by customers and end users

7
Sorting
Production process
Sorting process
8
Accumulating
Supplier
Volume Shipment
Supplier
Warehouse
Plant
Supplier
Supplier
9
Allocating (breaking bulk)
Retailers
Plant
Retailers
Warehouse
Retailers
Plant
Warehouse
Retailers
Retailers
Plant
Retailers
10
Assorting
Plant 1 Products AB
Customer X
A B C
Plant 2 Products BC
B C F G
Warehouse
Customer Y
Plant 3 Products DE
A G
Customer Z
Plant 4 Products FG
A B C D E
Customer R
11
How goods actually move (modes)
  • There are five basic modes of transportation
  • Motor - basically trucks
  • Air - planes
  • Water - boats/ barges and the like
  • Rail
  • Pipeline
  • Intermodal (mixed mode) transportation is a major
    issue as well

12
Motor carrier
  • Trucks carry more freight than any other mode of
    transport in the United States (by (Rail
    carries more tons))
  • Trucks are very flexible
  • can go almost anyplace in the country
  • note quality of our road network Economist
    article
  • can easily be rerouted new technology
  • can carry a wide range of stuff
  • are generally very reliable and fairly fast
  • costs tend to be low
  • Potential problems are limited
  • can not move really big stuff
  • gets expensive when moving large volumes of
    commodities
  • need a road
  • fuel cost fluctuations can cause serious problems
    Fed Ex and Brown get green

13
Rail
  • Was near death 20 years ago
  • slow
  • limited access
  • damage
  • inflexible schedules
  • unwillingness to invest in rolling stock
  • Has started to come back
  • still cheaper than trucks for long hauls (usually
    over 750 miles but getting loser to 500)
  • much cheaper to move very large quantities of
    commodities
  • has changed dramatically
  • schedule and equipment flexibility
  • piggy back / mixed modes

14
Air
  • Fast, flexible, access to many places (can cross
    water which is often a benefit)
  • Expensive !
  • So air is usually used for high value goods
  • high dollar to weight ratio
  • high cost for being late
  • etc.
  • Becoming more and more common as competition
    drives prices down
  • Post 9/11 there are some serious air cargo issues

15
Water
  • If a waterway goes where you need to go nothing
    is cheaper
  • Obviously access is a problem
  • Speed is another problem
  • So water is usually used for high volume / low
    relative value items where time is not an issue
  • However, ocean going transport has reduced
    delivery time
  • Recent issues ports are jammed and security

16
Pipelines
  • Often overlooked, but if you are moving a liquid
    or gas product (or slurry) a pipeline is
  • Movement of Wine at Kings Estate
  • fast and reliable
  • inexpensive
  • automated
  • Downsides are limited but
  • must be in the proper form
  • access is limited

17
Mixed mode
  • The container has significantly changed
    transportation
  • containers are 8 foot high, 8 foot wide metal
    boxes than range in length from 20 feet to 53
    feet
  • a good can be loaded into a container at a plant
    in Corvallis, taken by truck to a rail terminal
    in Eugene, placed on a train that goes to Los
    Angles, placed on a boat to Japan, unloaded from
    the boat and placed on a truck to be delivered to
    the customer.
  • never unloaded
  • time to change modes of transport is minimal
  • Why does this matter so much ?

18
Mixed mode continued
  • Containers, piggy back and other innovations have
    enabled mixed mode transport which makes
    transportation a more strategic function
  • can have the access of trucks and the cost of
    trains
  • can reduce costs of long hauls
  • if we use a single logistics provider can get
    from the middle of Africa to the Middle of
    America using a single relationship
  • By improving time and place utility (usually at
    lower costs) transport starts to become more than
    a cost center

19
Mixed modes have lead to the rise of 3PL
  • As we move away from using Inventory logistics
    must be much more precise
  • Moving stuff 10 of costs
  • Transportation has traditionally been very
    fragmented but why should a company spend lots
    of time coordinating various shippers when they
    can outsource this?
  • How many companies get their competitive
    advantage from logistics?
  • How many put their competitive advantage at risk
    if logistics is not done well?

20
Looking ahead
  • Our discussion to this point is about
    transportation. One of the key notions of
    logistics is that it adds value. Containers and
    mixed mode transport are part of moving toward a
    view of logistics.
  • note US bombers in Afghanistan taking off without
    targets
  • Reexamining how we store goods is the next step.
  • Much like transportation , warehousing has become
    much more sophisticated and is now seen as part
    of the potential for logistics to add value.

21
Warehouses
  • Go back to our physical functions of logistics.
    In general the processes of sorting,
    accumulating, allocating and assorting occur in a
    warehouse.
  • A warehouse is anyplace where goods are stored.
  • Note that we can have virtual warehouses (data
    bases)
  • Services tend to store all sorts of facilitating
    goods
  • Distribution centers are generally warehouses
    where stuff sits for very little time and other
    value adding activities occur.
  • All DCs are warehouses but not all warehouses
    are DCs

22
There are a wide range of warehousing issues
  • First is where in the supply chain do we wish to
    hold materials (or data).
  • We do not want to duplicate these activities (in
    general)
  • In addition, we need to consider the physical
    location of the facility.
  • There are also issue of size, ownership,
    management and the like to consider.
  • In fact this is a major issue for any supply
    chain that needs to handle a flow of goods.
  • However, our focus is at a more basic level

23
Basic purposes of warehouses storage
  • This is the most traditional view of a warehouse
    - a place to store stuff
  • Temporary storage
  • waiting for a full truckload (accumulating)
  • waiting for other items in customer order
    (assorting)
  • Semi-permanent storage
  • buffers or safety stock
  • just in case inventory
  • often results from achieving economies of scale
  • most supply chains try and limit this as much as
    possible (preferable eliminate)
  • Abbot Aluminum?

24
Basic purposes of warehouses movement
  • Types of movement
  • receiving of goods from other chain members
  • transfer - moving goods through the warehouse to
    storage or some value adding activity
  • order picking - retrieving goods from the
    warehouse
  • shipping
  • cross docking
  • discuss if needed
  • movement has been the focus of many improvement
    efforts - think of JIT and unnecessary movement
    or storage

25
Basic purposes of warehouses information transfer
  • Warehouses tend to equal paper
  • Paper tends to indicate what?
  • The first use of information in warehousing was
    automation
  • AS/RS systems
  • faster / cheaper (fewer people) / more accurate /
    better service etc.
  • But they are expensive
  • There is also an old rule about automating a bad
    process
  • Steelcases warehouses
  • Bar coding and now Wal-Mart requires RFID
  • if we can do it in the warehouse can we do it for
    the entire supply chain ?

26
Logistics information
  • When we look at our supply chain models there are
    two sets of flows- the physical flows we have
    mainly focused on and equally important
    information flows.
  • It is this second set of flows that separates the
    supply chain managers from the rest of the pack
  • The computer has made this much easier
  • possible to eliminate paper
  • eliminate transit time for paper
  • eliminate redundant entry
  • so we are faster and more accurate at a lower
    cost

27
Types of info in a supply chain
  • EDI for purchasing
  • Truck information linkages
  • Bar coding and scanning for tracking in
    warehouses and production next RFID
  • CAD / CAM systems linking design and production
  • End customer information
  • Hondas web site collects info on colors, models,
    options and the like
  • Other stuff

28
Key point on Information
  • Entire supply chain needs to be working off the
    same information
  • Would bullwhips occur if third tier suppliers had
    end customer forecasts ?
  • If the company at the end of the chain is
    planning a marketing promotion their suppliers
    will perform better if given enough lead time
  • If a supplier develops a new process that might
    be useful to others there needs to be a way to
    share this information
  • If customers desires change the entire chain
    needs to react (preferably be ahead of the change)

29
More information
  • There are many experts who can design an
    information system for you (we even train them
    here)
  • But it is the managerial decisions that determine
    how well the system will work
  • What information do we include?
  • What form is that information in?
  • Who has access?
  • Really it all comes down to the first thing we
    talked about - trust and relationships

30
Information sharing
  • Every person who researches supply chain
    management finds the following
  • there are many tactical issue that effect success
    but it is the relationships that make or break a
    chain
  • this is mainly trust
  • there are also personality issues here - some
    mangers have all by themselves screwed up a
    supply chain
  • Boyds boss
  • With all of the information we have covered the
    companies who excel are those that understand the
    issues of trust and information sharing. Those
    who play Win win are not really SC mangers.

31
Logistics conclusions
  • There are many physical elements to consider in
    the design of a logistical system (flows through
    supply chain)
  • It is the intangible flows of information that
    are the real make or break issues.
  • Do not ignore flows back from end customer
  • Transportation become logistics when we start to
    include information flows. Logistics becomes SCM
    when we understand the need for these flows to be
    available to the entire chain.
  • For most supply chains this is all conjecture-
    they are still getting internal chains sorted
    out.
  • Recent HBR article notes that suppliers are often
    better partners than members of your own
    organization - less fighting over resources
    (trust / global view / etc.)
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