INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT DISTILLERY & WINERY EFFLUENT

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INDUSTRIAL WASTE TREATMENT DISTILLERY WINERY
EFFLUENT
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DEFINITIONS
Effluent - Liquid waste discharge that flows to
drain or treatment system Dunder - Residue
that remains after rum distillation or
removing wine supernatant Bottoms - Residue
resulting from clarification of fermented
grape wine Aeration - Applying air to media
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DEFINITIONS CONTD
Clarifying - Allow solids to settle or remove
after flocculation BOD - Biological Oxygen
Demand amount of oxygen required to sustain
viability of aerobic organisms to degrade the
available organic matter COD - Chemical
Oxygen Demand the level of oxidizable
organic matter present, which is determined
by chemical analysis.
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DEFINITIONS CONTD
Biodegradation- Using microorganism and/or
biochemical agents to breakdown organic
matter. Biodigester - System/reactor that
facilitates the use of bioagents
(microbe/biochemical) to breakdown organic
matter
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WASTE FROM FERMENTATION

• Every fermentation process utilizes raw materials
  which are converted to product.
• Waste materials are produced during or at the end
  of the process.
• The typical fermentation waste contains-
• Unconsumed inorganic and organic media components
• Microbial cells and other suspended solids

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FERMENTATION WASTE CONTD

• Other effluent components generated from the
  overall operations are
• Wash water from rinsing operations.
• Wash water with traces of acid and/or alkali
  agents as a result of
• cleaning and sanitizing activities.
• In many cases wash water contains suspended
  solids like filter aid
• fining agents and carbon
• Normally, fermentation effluent do not contain
  toxic materials which
• directly affect the aquatic flora or fauna. The
  effluent, however, contains high level of organic
  matter which are readily oxidized by
• microorganisms and thus drastically deplete the
  dissolved oxygen
• concentration.

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DISSOLVED OXYGEN

• Oxygen concentration should be at least 90 of
  the saturation concentration at the ambient
  temperature and salinity of the water
• Dissolved oxygen is critical for the sustainment
  and of aquatic life

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DISPOSITION OF EFFLUENT

• If the effluent is not utilized by the
  manufacturer, it is usually
• disposed using one or more of several common
  methods-
• Discharged to land, river or sea in an untreated
  state
• Disposed in a landfill site or it is incinerated
• Partially treated on site (eg. lagooning) prior
  to further
• treatment or disposal
• Part treated, part untreated
• All the effluent treated by a biodegrading
  process on or
• offsite.

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LAGOON (OXIDATION POND)

• This technology for effluent treatment is usually
  employed
• by seasonal industries like distilleries
• The design usually involves an enclosed
  water-tight
• embankment about 1-2m deep. The system can be
  left as
• is, without mechanized aeration. However, for
  rapid
• processing (as done at Appleton Estate) a
  mechanized
• aerator is installed in the lagoon to provide
  continuous
• aeration for the effluent

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SPRAY IRRIGATION
In some cases, liquid waste can be applied
directly to land as irrigation water. They are
considered to be fertilizers if they provide a
net increase of nutrient level (macro/trace
element) in the soil If this method of
disposal is to be used, then it is necessary to
have large area of land near the manufacturing
plant, in an area of low to medium rainfall This
is the synergy between the sugar cane agronomic
activity and the rum distillery/fermentation
operation. In the case of Appleton Estate, the
liquid waste is pre-treated by the lagoon system
prior to spraying on the land.
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DISPOSAL VIA SEWAGE PLANT

• Factors to consider before sending industrial
  effluent to a
• sewage plant
• The capacity of the plant to cope with the
  estimated effluent
• volume.
• Possible interruption of the normal function of
  the plant.
• Ensure there are no compound present that will
  pass through
• the plant unchanged, then cause problems when
  discharged
• into a watercourse.
• Determine whether pre-treatment is required to
  minimize
• negative effect on the sewage plant.

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TREATMENT PROCESS FOR EFFLUENT DERIVED FROM RUM
AND WINE INDUSTRIES

• Fermentation waste may be treated by the
  following
• methods-
• Physical Treatment
• Chemical Treatment
• Biological Treatment

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PHYSICAL TREATMENT
This treatment can be independent, but the result
is amplified when it occurs in conjunction with
chemical or biological treatment. The common
physical processes are sedimentation,
filtration and centrifugation The major benefits
are reduction in organic matter level thus BOD
level increased ease to process liquid waste
and increased ability to recover components of
the fermentation waste for recycling purpose.
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CHEMICAL TREATMENT

• The most common chemical processing for treating
• fermented liquid waste are coagulation and
  flocculation.
• The former is instantaneous, while the latter
  requires more
• time and gentle agitation to achieve
  aggregation of the
• particles.
• Some coagulating agents are Fe(II) or Fe(III)
  sulphate,
• aluminium sulphate (alum) and calcium hydroxide
  (lime).
• The coagulant is added to the effluent in a
  mixing tank, that is
• designed to remove the supernatant and the
  sludge
• independently

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BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Most organic waste material may be degraded
biologically. This process may be achieved
aerobically or anaerobically, in a number of
ways. Locally, Wray Nephew has adopted aerobic
processes for treating fermented liquid
waste. The distilleries utilizes aerated lagoon
system described early, while the Winery utilizes
aerobic digesters and sewage treatment
system. The digesters are reactor chambers
equipped with perforated airlines. Air is
supplied continuously by mechanized blowers.
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BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT CONTD
The organic matter is degraded by aerobic
microorganisms found in the activated sludge, as
well as by the action of commercial inocula. At
JWN this pre-treatment process takes
approximately seven (7) days, and thereafter the
waste is sent to the sewage plant for further
oxidation and degradation.The pretreated waste
is Sent to the sewage plant at a pre-determined
rate.
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SEWAGE PLANT OPERATIONS

• Modern sewage plant has the following chambers
  and components-
• Receiving chamber with skimmer
• Oxidation chambers
• Clarifying chamber for settling flocs
• Chlorination chamber designed to give appropriate
  retention time
• Return sludge chamber (to collect and remove
  sludge)
• Perforated airlines in oxidation, receiving and
  return sludge chambers
• Surface skimmers to remove floating flocs in
  clarifying chamber
• Eductor to remove settled solids from clarifying
  chamber
• Filter (send bed) optional

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MONITORING EFFLUENT QUALITY
Effluent quality is monitored by determining its
level of chemical and biological composition.
Some of the major parameters monitored are pH
? Sulphate ?
Copper BOD ? Zinc
? Lead COD ? Iron
?Total Coliform TDS
? Phosphate ? Faecal Coliform TSS
? Nitrogen (NO3-, NO2-,
NH3-) Chlorine These tests are usually done at
certified laboratories.
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OTHER WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEMS

• Other fermentation systems to treat industrial
  waste include
• Anaerobic treatment, whose design and size is
  dependent on the amount of available waste for
  treatment and the source of the waste.
• Solid state fermentation, suited for plant waste,
  kitchen waste, solid agro-processing waste,
  animal droppings and carcasses.

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ANAEROBIC TREATMENT

• Benefits
• No air required, hence very low/no energy input
• One of the principal by-product is methane, which
  is a major energy source
• A wide range of waste can be treated via this
  process
• Disadvantages
• High initial capital input
• Slow process that does not readily kill pathogens
• Large amount of waste to dispose when cleaning
  system

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SOLID STATE FERMENTATION

• Also called composting
• Can be done under aerobic and anaerobic
  conditions, but more useful when the processing
  is done aerobically
• At the industrial scale, aeration is done using a
  positive ventilation system
• Fermentation is completed within 3-5 days and
  pathogenic organisms are killed
• Small scale/back yard process is oftentimes
  anaerobic or air is supplied through special
  design