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Blood

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90% Water 8% Solutes: Proteins Albumin (60 %) Alpha and Beta Globulins Gamma Globulins fibrinogens Gas Electrolytes Organic Nutrients Carbohydrates Amino ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Blood


1
Blood
Ch 17
2
Blood
Artery
White blood cells
Platelets
Red blood cells
3
Function Blood
  • Deliver O2
  • Remove metabolic wastes
  • Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid volume
  • Protection from blood loss- platelets
  • Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
  • Transport hormones

4
Blood
Plasma-55
Buffy coat-lt1
Formed elements-45
5

Blood Plasma Components-55
  • 90 Water
  • 8 Solutes
  • Proteins
  • Albumin (60 )
  • Alpha and Beta Globulins
  • Gamma Globulins
  • fibrinogens
  • Gas
  • Electrolytes

6
Blood Plasma Components
  • Organic Nutrients
  • Carbohydrates
  • Amino Acids
  • Lipids
  • Vitamins
  • Hormones
  • Metabolic waste
  • CO2
  • Urea

7
Buffy Coat- lt1
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets

8
Formed Elements of the Blood-45
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Platelets (thrombocytes)

9
Erythrocytes
10
Erythrocyte?7.5?m in dia    Anucleate- so can't
reproduce however, repro in red bone marrow   
Hematopoiesis- production of RBC    Function-
transport respiratory gases    Hemoglobin-
quaternary structure, 2 ? chains and 2 ?
chains    Lack mitochondria. Why?   1 RBC
contains 280 million hemoglobin
molecules    Men- 5 million cells/mm3    Women-
4.5 million cells/mm3    Life span 100-120 days
and then destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
11
Hemoglobin
12
Hematopoiesis
  • Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) blood cell formation
  • Occurs in red bone marrow of axial skeleton,
    girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and
    femur

13
Hematopoiesis
  • Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem cells)
  • Give rise to all formed elements
  • Hormones and growth factors push the cell toward
    a specific pathway of blood cell development
  • New blood cells enter blood sinusoids

14
Erythropoiesis
  • Erythropoiesis red blood cell production
  • A hemocytoblast is transformed into a
    proerythroblast
  • Proerythroblasts develop into early erythroblasts

15
Erythropoiesis
  • Phases in development
  • Ribosome synthesis
  • Hemoglobin accumulation
  • Ejection of the nucleus and formation of
    reticulocytes
  • Reticulocytes then become mature erythrocytes

16
Stem cell
Committed cell
Developmental pathway
Phase 1 Ribosome synthesis
Phase 2 Hemoglobin accumulation
Phase 3 Ejection of nucleus
Reticulo- cyte
Erythro- cyte
Proerythro- blast
Early erythroblast
Late erythroblast
Normoblast
Hemocytoblast
Figure 17.5
17
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
  • Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
  • Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity
  • Balance between RBC production and destruction
    depends on
  • Hormonal controls
  • Adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B
    vitamins

18
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
  • Released by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

19
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
  • Causes of hypoxia
  • Hemorrhage or increased RBC destruction reduces
    RBC numbers
  • Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron deficiency)
  • Reduced availability of O2 (e.g., high altitudes)

20
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
  • Effects of EPO
  • More rapid maturation of committed bone marrow
    cells
  • Increased circulating reticulocyte count in
    12 days
  • Testosterone also enhances EPO production,
    resulting in higher RBC counts in males

21
Formation Destruction of RBCs
22
Blood Cell Production
23
RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying capacity
insufficient RBC or iron deficiency. Factors that
can cause anemia- exercise, B12
deficiency Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,
? viscosity of blood 8-11 million
cells/mm3 Usually caused by cancer, tissue
hypoxia, dehydration however, naturally occurs
at high elevations Blood doping- in
athletes?remove blood 2 days before event and
then replace it Epoetin- banned by Olympics.
24
RBC Diseases
Sickle-cell anemia- HbS results from a change in
just one of the 287 amino acids in the ? chain in
the globin molecule. Found in 1 out of 400
African Americans. Abnormal hemoglobin
crystalizes when O2 content of blood is low,
causing RBCs to become sickle-shaped. Homozygous
for sickle-cell is deadly, but in malaria
infested countries, the heterozygous condition is
beneficial.
25
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
Genetics of Sickle Cell Anemia
26
Types of Leukocytes
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
  • Granulocytes
  • Neutrophils- 40-70
  • Eosinophils- 1-4
  • Basophils- lt1
  • Agranulocytes
  • Monocytes- 4-8
  • Lymphocytes- 20-45

27
Lymphocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
platelet
Neutrophil
Monocyte
28
ID WBCs
29
Leukocyte Squeezing Through Capillary Wall
Diapedesis
30
WBC Diseases
  • Leukopenia
  • Abnormally low WBC countdrug induced
  • Leukemias
  • Cancerous conditions involving WBCs
  • Named according to the abnormal WBC clone
    involved
  • Mononucleosis
  • highly contagious viral disease caused by
    Epstein-Barr virus excessive of agranulocytes
    fatigue, sore throat, recover in a few weeks

31
Platelets
  • Small fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
  • Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
  • Granules contain serotonin, Ca2, enzymes, ADP,
    and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

32
Stem cell
Developmental pathway
Hemocyto- blast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryoblast
Megakaryocyte
Platelets
Figure 17.12
33
Hemostasis- stoppage of bleeding
Platelets 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Tissue Damage
34
Hemostasis
  • Vessel injury

2. Vascular spasm
3. Platelet plug formation
4. Coagulation
35
Hemostasis( feedback)
Traps RBC platelets
Platelets release thromboplastin
36
Blood Clot
RBC
Platelet
Fibrin thread
37
Disorders of Hemostasis
  • Thromboembolytic disorders undesirable clot
    formation
  • Bleeding disorders abnormalities that prevent
    normal clot formation

38
Thromboembolytic Conditions
  • Thrombus clot that develops and persists in an
    unbroken blood vessel
  • May block circulation, leading to tissue death
  • Embolus a thrombus freely floating in the blood
    stream
  • Pulmonary emboli impair the ability of the body
    to obtain oxygen
  • Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

39
Thromboembolytic Conditions
  • Prevented by
  • Aspirin
  • Antiprostaglandin that inhibits thromboxane A2
  • Heparin
  • Anticoagulant used clinically for pre- and
    postoperative cardiac care
  • Warfarin
  • Used for those prone to atrial fibrillation

40
Bleeding Disorders
  • Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due to
    inflammation, infection or cancer
  • Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
  • causes spontaneous bleeding
  • due to suppression or destruction of bone marrow
    (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
  • Platelet count lt50,000/mm3 is diagnostic
  • Treated with transfusion of concentrated
    platelets
  •  

41
Bleeding Disorders
  • Impaired liver function
  • Inability to synthesize procoagulants
  • Causes include vitamin K deficiency, hepatitis,
    and cirrhosis
  • Liver disease can also prevent the liver from
    producing bile, impairing fat and vitamin K
    absorption

42
Bleeding Disorders
  • Hemophilias include several similar hereditary
    bleeding disorders
  • Symptoms include prolonged bleeding, especially
    into joint cavities
  • Treated with plasma transfusions and injection of
    missing factors

43
Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait,
primarily carried by males (x chromosome)
44
Blood Types
Type A Type B Type AB Type O
45
Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major
antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B Blood
type Antigen Antibody A A
anti-B B B anti-A A B
AB no anti body Neither A or B
O anti-A and anti-B Antigen- protein on the
surface of a RBC membrane Antibody-
proteins made by lymphocytes in plasma which are
made in response to the presence of
antigens. They attack foreign antigens, which
result in clumping (agglutination)
46
Type A
47
Type B
48
Type O
49
Type AB
50
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH indicates protein
RH indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein
51
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
Rh mother w/Rh- baby no problem Rh- mother
w/Rh baby problem Rh- mother w/Rh- father no
problem Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used _at_ 28 weeks
52
Type AB- universal recipients Type O- universal
donor   Rh factor Rh 85 dominant in pop Rh-
15 recessive Blood Type Clumping Antibody A
antigen A anti-A serum antibody
anti-b B antigen B anti-B serum antibody
anti-a AB antigen A B anti A B serum
- O neither A or B no clumping w/ either anti A
or B anti-a, anti-b
53
Serum
Blood being tested
Anti-A
Anti-B
Type AB (contains agglutinogens A and
B agglutinates with both sera)
RBCs
Type A (contains agglutinogen A agglutinates
with anti-A)
Type B (contains agglutinogen B agglutinates
with anti-B)
Type O (contains no agglutinogens does
not agglutinate with either serum)
Figure 17.16
54
(No Transcript)
55
ABO Blood Types
Phenotype Genotype O i i A I A I A or I A
i B I B I B or I B i AB I A I B
56
Punnett square
Type A and Type B cross
i
IB
IAi
IAIB
IA
IA
IAi
IAIB
57
INQUIRY
  • What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and
    thrombocyte?
  • What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white
    cells?
  • What dietary component is needed for the
    production of red blood cells?
  • The largest cells in the blood that leave the
    bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
  • In an acute infection, the white cell count would
    show as ______.
  • Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as
    hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers
    carrying ____ fetuses.
  • What antigens and antibodies found on AB red
    cells?
  • In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a
    type O person?
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