History of Australia How and why we re like we are

1
History of Australia

• How and why were like we are

2
Settlement of Melbourne

• Learning Intentions
• Reasons for the settlement of the Melbourne area
• History of the settlement of Melbourne

• Success Criteria
• State reasons why the area was settled
• Recount the process of settlement and major
  events through this process
• Know the leading figures in the settlement and
  development of Melbourne

3
Terms to remember

• Free settlers
• People who settled in Australia by choice
• Pasture
• Good land for raising stock as it has plenty of
  grass
• Treaty
• A formal agreement between two or more states, as
  in reference to terms of peace or trade.

• Governor
• Person who controls the administration and
  running of a particular society
• Colony
• A settlement whose ruling authority is linked to
  or controlled by another country

4
Melbourne

• Early Days Melbourne started as an illegal
  settlement. Despite opposition from the
  government in Sydney, sheep farmers from Van
  Diemen's Land (Tasmania) crossed Bass Strait in
  search of new pastures.

• All information from the following site unless
  otherwise stated
• http//www.museum.vic.gov.au/marvellous/

5

• In May 1835, a syndicate led by John Batman
  explored Port Phillip Bay, looking for suitable
  sites for a settlement. Batman claimed to have
  signed a 'treaty' with Aboriginal leaders, giving
  him ownership of almost 250,000 hectares of land.
  Three months later, another syndicate of farmers,
  led by John Pascoe Fawkner, entered the Yarra
  River aboard the Enterprize, establishing the
  first permanent settlement.

6

• New South Wales Governor Richard Bourke declared
  Batman's treaty illegal and the settlers to be
  trespassers. But within two years, more than 350
  people and 55 000 sheep had landed, and the
  squatters were establishing large wool-growing
  properties in the district. Bourke was forced to
  accept the rapidly growing township.

7
Terms to remember

• Ethnic
• Relating to a particular racial group
• Free born
• Describes someone who was born in the colonies,
  not deported as a convict

• Shanty
• A roughly built hut or shelter
• Racism
• Discriminating against a particular people on the
  basis of their race

8

• Aboriginal Melbourne In 1837, which was within
  two years of European settlement, Governor Bourke
  sent troopers from Sydney to establish order in
  the new township.

9

• Interaction between settlers and Aboriginal
  people was officially discouraged. Corroborees,
  which often attracted many white onlookers, were
  outlawed. Mounted troopers patrolled the edge of
  town.

10

• Corroboree on Emerald Hill, 1840.
• Artist W.F.E Liardet
• Source State Library of Victoria

11

• When men, women and children from local clans
  gathered in Melbourne in the spring of 1840 they
  were rounded up and imprisoned. Fences, laws and
  guns secured the settlers' new claim on the land.

12

• Measuring a Town When Governor Bourke visited
  the new settlement in 1837, it was clear that
  there had been little progress with the initial
  land survey of the area.

13

• Bourke selected Robert Hoddle, the senior
  surveyor from Sydney, to take up the chain and
  theodolite for the government. On 4 March, Hoddle
  and Bourke rode over the area on horseback and
  traced the general outline of the township.

14
Terms to remember

• Cartographer
• A map maker
• Bounty
• A sum of money paid to a free settler to cover
  much of the cost of the migrants sea journey

• Constabulary
• Police force
• Emancipist
• A convict pardoned for good behaviour before
  serving a full term of punishment

15

• On 7 March, Bourke directed that the town be laid
  out, and on the 9 March the governor named the
  settlement 'Melbourne' after the British prime
  minister of the day. By the end of April,
  Hoddle's plan of Melbourne was lodged at the
  government survey office in Sydney.

16

• Not all have agreed that the plan of Melbourne is
  actually the work of Robert Hoddle. Governor
  Bourke, Robert Russell and William Lonsdale have
  also been credited with Melbourne's grid design.
  Whatever the verdict, the 1837 grid of wide and
  narrow streets remains Melbourne's dominating
  historic memento of European settlement.

17

• Collins Street, town of Melbourne, New South
  Wales, 1839.
• Source State Library of Victoria

18

• Gold Rush Town Immigrants leaving Britain in
  1852 bought more tickets to Melbourne than to any
  other destination in the world.The new arrivals
  chased a single dream - gold. Thousands arrived
  daily. Lodging houses and hotels were packed to
  bursting point. Makeshift houses of iron, timber
  and canvas sprang up on the city's edge.

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• Gold brought both progress and problems. Sudden
  wealth transformed a small port town into a
  frantic world centre. The wharves were constantly
  jammed with shipping, cargo and migrants
  disembarking. Society seemed to be turned upside
  down as diggers drank champagne from buckets and
  Irish maids paraded in silks and diamonds

20

• Queens Wharf, Melbourne, West End, 1857.
• Artist S. T. Gill Source State Library of
  Victoria

21

• The authorities feared disorder. New civic
  buildings - the Customs House, Post Office,
  Treasury and Parliament - publicly displayed
  state power.
• By 1861, Melbourne was a city of 125, 000 people.
  Gas street lighting, regular piped water and
  solid buildings gave the city a more permanent
  appearance. The instant city was maturing.

22

• 1880s Melbourne Visitors to Melbourne in the
  1880s were amazed. Here in the Southern
  Hemisphere was a city larger than most European
  capitals. In just a decade the population had
  doubled, racing to half-a-million. Citizens
  strutted the streets, bursting with pride as
  their city boomed.

23

• Collins Street looking east from Elizabeth
  Street, late 1880s.
• Photographer Charles Rudd
• Source State Library of Victoria

24

• While Sydney was seen as slow and steady,
  Melbourne was fast and reckless. Ornate office
  buildings up to 12 storeys high rivalled those of
  New York, London and Chicago. Money was poured
  into lavishly decorated banks, hotels and coffee
  palaces. Towers, spires, domes and turrets
  reached to the skies.

25

• By 1891 the high times were coming to an end.
  Banks closed their doors, stockbrokers panicked
  and thousands lost jobs, homes and savings. Some
  escaped unscathed but many were plunged into
  hardship.
• It was a dramatic fall, and a far more sober and
  cautious Melbourne faced the new century.

26

• A particular feature of the city's boom years
  were the temperance hotels, known as coffee
  palaces. A small number of hotels (such as the
  Tankard Family Hotel in West Lonsdale Street),
  had always refused to sell alcohol, but the
  coffee palaces were much grander.

27

• The opening of the two most extravagant
  temperance hotels - the Grand in Spring Street
  (now the Windsor Hotel) and the Federal on the
  corner of Collins and King Streets - coincided
  with the 1888 Exhibition.

28

• The Federal Coffee Palace, Collins Street - c 1890

29

• There were six 'accident proof' lifts, gaslights,
  electric service bells, and an ice-making plant
  in the basement to keep kitchen supplies fresh,
  and to cool the lemonade and ginger beer. The
  Federal was licensed in 1923 and demolished in
  1973.

30

• Melbourne has more decorative cast iron than any
  other city in the world. By the 1880s it
  symbolised the city's brash image virtually every
  new balcony and verandah was draped in an 'iron
  petticoat'.

31

• This cast iron decoration is from the Federal
  Coffee Palace, built in 1888 as a temperance
  (alcohol free) hotel with over 500 rooms. It was
  demolished in 1973.

32

• John Ruskin, a noted English architecture critic,
  derided cast iron as 'cheap and vulgar'.
  Melbourne could not have cared less. Over 40
  local foundries were kept busy, melting and
  casting pig-iron bars that arrived as ship's
  ballast. By 1900, the foundries had registered
  161 different designs.

33
Terms to remember

• Flogged
• Severely whipped
• Foundered
• To hit rocks or a reef
• Iron gang
• Group of convicts who worked chained together

• Morals
• Principles that distinguish between right and
  wrong
• Prostitution
• The act of providing sexual favours in return for
  money

34

• In the 1880s, Melbourne had as much stench as
  style.
• Scraps, slops, urine and faeces flowed through
  the streets in open gutters. Diseases such as
  diphtheria and typhoid flourished.

35

• Believing that bad air from low-lying areas would
  make them ill, wealthier residents built on
  higher ground and took to using smelling salts.

36

• Following a public outcry and numerous government
  inquiries, the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board
  of Works was formed in 1891 to build an
  underground sewerage system.

37

• Melbourne had become a wired city by 1910.
  Networks of pipes and cables coursed underground,
  drooped across streets and snaked up buildings.
  Increasingly the city was seen as a machine,
  tended by its engineers.

38

• The new systems changed the way the city worked.
  Stockbrokers and lawyers could telephone their
  clients. Clerks were elevated to their offices in
  lifts - Melbourne already had over 1000 by 1907

39

• Timetables regulated the comings and goings of
  suburban commuters. Usage of suburban trains and
  trams doubled between 1898 and 1917.

40

• Swanston Street looking South from Little Collins
  Street, 1915.

41

• Flinders Street Station became the city's new
  gateway. From 1910, the clocks above the entrance
  to this Edwardian baroque masterpiece acted as
  pacesetters for the tens of thousands of people
  who passed beneath daily.

42

• Flinders Street Station during the First World
  War.

43

• As well as work, entertainment drew people to the
  city. About ten cinemas were operating by 1913,
  mostly in Bourke Street. The mechanised, jerky
  look of early films reflected the tempo of the
  city.

44

• For more than a century the grand Edwardian
  baroque building of Flinders Street Station has
  dominated Melbourne's southern boundary. The
  design was selected by an architectural
  competition held in 1902, and the red brick and
  golden cream stucco building was constructed
  between 1905 and 1910

45
Terms to remember

• Squatter
• Someone who lives on land or in premises without
  permission
• Stocks
• Wooden structure built to hold feet (and
  sometimes hands) as a punishment

• Flannel
• A soft material usually made from wool
• Ticket of leave
• A document which gave a well-behaved convict the
  right to operate more or less freely

46

• Trains had been arriving at Flinders Street since
  1854. The present building is the most
  spectacular of a number that have stood on the
  site. Stretching along Flinders Street for more
  than a city block, and boasting grand archways
  and an expansive ballroom, it is public
  architecture on a majestic scale - a symbol of
  the importance of railways to the growth of the
  city and its suburbs.

47

• Flinders Street Station has become far more than
  a place of transit. Meeting 'under the clocks' is
  a Melbourne institution, and the building
  arguably remains the city's principal landmark.
  Recently refurbished and repainted, Flinders
  Street Station is as resplendent today as ever.

48

• Melbourne's earliest telephone connection was
  installed in 1879. Australia's first telephone
  exchange opened a year later in Collins Street.
  At that stage there were only enough subscribers
  to fill a single page.

49

• By 1886, a dozen women telephonists answered
  calls at a larger exchange in Wills Street. In
  1887, Melbournians made 8000 calls each day,
  mostly during business hours. The early
  subscribers were mostly wealthy - banks,
  solicitors, insurance companies, auctioneers,
  printers, importers, brokers and merchants.

50

• The new invention was to have far-reaching
  implications for the shape of the city. Taller
  buildings appeared, made possible by easy
  communication between floors. Most striking was
  the forest of poles and wires that spread along
  the city streets. But the army of errand boys and
  letter carriers who had scurried between city
  offices disappeared - rendered obsolete by the
  new invention.

51

• Motorised vehicles made their first appearance in
  Melbourne about 1900. At first they were praised
  for being faster and cleaner than horses.
  However, their noise, speed and fumes frightened
  horses and left pedestrians ducking for cover.
  People complained of 'road hogs' who recklessly
  sped through the streets endangering all in their
  path.

52

• To control the motorised horde, in 1916 Melbourne
  City Council had imposed new restrictions.
  Vehicles had to travel on the left-hand side of
  the road in not more than two lanes. When
  stopping, a hand or a whip had to be raised. In
  the following years hand signals for turning were
  imposed, along with time restrictions on parking.

53

• Initially considered a toy for the wealthy, the
  ownership of motor vehicles increased most
  markedly after the First World War. Registrations
  of motor cars, trucks and cycles doubled between
  1917 and 1922, reaching a total of 44,750

54

• The first cable tram in Victoria operated along
  Flinders Street to Richmond in 1885. Within five
  years, trams were ferrying people between the
  city and inner suburbs along 65 kilometres of
  tram tracks. The driving power for the
  underground cables came from engine-houses
  positioned at intervals along each route.

55

• By 1916, these trams were carrying more than one
  hundred million passengers a year to and from the
  inner and middle suburbs, at speeds averaging 15
  kilometres an hour, including stops. Major
  shopping strips such as Sydney Road, Puckle
  Street, Glenferrie Road and Chapel Street boomed.

56

• The first electric tramway opened in 1906, and
  the gradual electrification of the entire tram
  system occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. The
  last cable tram - running along Bourke Street to
  Clifton Hill - ceased operation in 1940.

57

• While many cities in the world, including most
  Australian capitals, were scrapping their tram
  systems from the 1950s, Melbourne not only
  retained its trams but continued to update the
  fleet. Melbourne's tracks and tramcars were in
  good order and the city is well-suited to trams,
  being relatively flat with wide streets.

58

• That no-one in authority ever made the order to
  get rid of them was one of the better
  non-decisions ever made by bureaucrats.
• Trams are here to stay - although the familiar
  sound of 'Tickets please' disappeared with
  conductors in 1998.

59

• Images can deceive. As Melbourne neared its
  centenary year in 1934, idyllic views across the
  Yarra River presented a city of 'unrivalled
  loveliness' in postcards, posters and even rugs.

60

• Looking south down Russell Street, 1930s.

61

• This tranquil image belied what was actually
  happening in the streets of central Melbourne. In
  1930 the Great Depression had hit hard. One-third
  of the workforce lost their jobs, and there was
  little social security. Men and women wandered
  the streets, surviving on greasy soup and the odd
  sermon doled out by fund-starved charities.

62

• The widely promoted image of the 'Garden City'
  and 'Queen City of the South' emphasised the idea
  of Melbourne as a very British city. A visit by
  the Duke of Gloucester, son of George V, the
  ageing king, provided a reassuring strengthening
  of Melbourne's imperial connections.

63

• The presented view of Melbourne's history
  stressed the 'myth of the pioneer', embodied in
  the person of John Batman. Elevated to heroic
  status, he was reinvented as a courageous pioneer
  whose life exemplified the rewards of
  self-improvement. Such a portrayal ignored
  Batman's dubious 'treaty' with local Aborigines
  and the less savoury details of his personal life.

64

• Melbourne's indigenous people were excluded from
  this triumphant view of Melbourne's past. The
  centenary celebrations now seem dated, but the
  image of Melbourne as a conservative city largely
  influenced by Britain has been more enduring.

65

• Host to the Olympic Games in 1956, Melbourne was
  transformed in the years that followed. Buildings
  grew taller, traffic got thicker, and new
  arrivals brought new ideas.

66

• Many old buildings, with their stone gargoyles
  and cast-iron lacework, tumbled under the
  wrecker's ball. The central city rang with the
  din of jackhammers. Glass and steel skyscrapers
  reached into the air - symbols of enterprise.

67

• Immigrants from continental Europe brought their
  distinctive cultures to the city. New flavours
  were added to the arts. European-style cafes gave
  the city pockets of sophistication.

68

• But Melbourne was still a '9 to 5' city. Hordes
  of cars from the suburbs jammed city streets in
  rush hours. As soon as offices emptied, streets
  were deserted.
• Nevertheless, the blueprint of today's Melbourne
  was in place.

69

• Construction of significant buildings in the city
  halted during World War Two, due to restrictions
  on materials and government controls on building
  size. The wartime skyline continued to be
  dominated by St Paul's Cathedral spire and the
  commercial beacon of the T G Tower.

70

• Postwar prosperity heralded a building boom that,
  combined with new building technologies, saw the
  first appearance in Melbourne of modernist glass
  office boxes.

71

• The height and sleek design of ICI House
  symbolised progress, modernity and efficiency.
  Majestically situated on an island site at the
  corner of Albert and Nicholson Streets, the
  building became a new symbol of corporate power
  in postwar Melbourne. It still stands today.

72

• The staging of the Olympic Games in Melbourne in
  1956 is often viewed as a turning point in the
  social, cultural and architectural development of
  the city. Olympic fever enveloped Melbourne and
  Australia, leaving countless collective memories
  and arguably a more mature, sophisticated nation.

73

• The Olympics was an event of such magnitude in
  Melbourne that homes became family archives for
  the ephemera of Olympic experiences and memories.
• Olympomania spread like wildfire, flooding the
  market with souvenirs.

74

• In their desire to present a uniquely Australian
  imagery to the international public, designers
  incorporated indigenous motifs into both modern
  and more traditional graphic styles.

75

• The crisis sharpened the divide between the right
  and the left of politics - violence frequently
  followed demonstrations. The rich made the poor
  angry the poor frightened the rich.

76

• Amidst this tension, Melbourne endured. With many
  rickety buildings deemed a fire hazard and
  demolished, the city took on a more uniform and
  permanent appearance. The finest interwar
  buildings - built to the height limit of 132
  feet, plus a parapet - were commercial. Beside
  them, public buildings and churches looked
  smaller and older.

77

• In 1934, as Melbourne planned to celebrate the
  centenary of European settlement, it seemed to
  some that there was little to celebrate. The
  financial strains of the depression, unemployment
  and the scandal of the city's slums all undercut
  claims of unbridled progress.

78

• Perhaps because of such troubles, the organisers
  of the centenary celebrations tried doubly hard
  to be positive. The themes of the celebrations
  were conservative, reflecting the desire of some
  Melburnians for security in troubled times.

79

• http//210.15.209.254/why_melbourne/why_melbourne/
  index.html

80

• The price for Melbourne??In 1835, John Batman and
  his associates paid members of the Wurundjeri
  clan 40 blankets, 30 axes, 100 knives, 50
  scissors, 30 mirrors, 200 handkerchiefs, 100
  pounds of flour, and six shirts for Melbourne
  (the government later refused to recognise the
  deal). Batman returned to Launceston boasting "I
  am the greatest landowner in the world
• Back to slideshow

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• Long before Melbourne became the City of
  Melbourne, it was called Batmania, Bearbrass,
  Bearport, Bareheap and Bearbury. Some of these
  names were derived from the Aboriginal name for
  the area which was Berren or Bararing, plus there
  was the Big Miam Miam (as they termed the Town
  plenty of white Bread).Back to Slideshow