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Title: Chapter 1 Introduction to Forensic Science and the Law In


1
Chapter 1Introduction to Forensic Scienceand
the Law
  • In school, every period ends with a bell. Every
    sentence ends with a period. Every crime ends
    with a sentence.
  • Stephen Wright, comedian

2
How observant are you?
  • In order to be a good scientist of any kind you
    need to be observant.
  • http//www.shodor.org/workshops/forensic/skills/ob
    servation.html

3
Introduction
Students will learn
  • How a crime lab works
  • The growth and development of forensic science
    through history
  • Federal rules of evidence, including the Frye
    standard and the Daubert ruling
  • Basic types of law in the criminal justice system
  • Students will be able to
  • Describe how the scientific method is used to
    solve forensic problems
  • Describe different jobs done by forensic
    scientists and the experts they consult.

4
Forensic Science
  • The study and application of science to matters
    of law.
  • Includes the business of providing timely,
    accurate, and thorough information to all levels
    of decision makers in our criminal justice
    system.
  • The word forensic is derived from the Latin
    forensis meaning forum, a public place where,
    in Roman times, senators and others debated and
    held judicial proceedings.

5
Criminalistics vs Criminology
  • Criminalistics
  • the scientific examination of physical evidence
    for legal purposes.
  • Criminology
  • includes the psychological angle, studying the
    crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that
    will help to interpret the evidence

6
Crime LabBasic Services
  • Physical Science Unit
  • Chemistry
  • Physics
  • Geology
  • Biology Unit
  • Firearms Unit
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vyAlixegkf0ofeature
    related
  • Document Examination Unit
  • Photography Unit

7
Crime LabOptional Services
  • Toxicology Unit
  • Latent Fingerprint Unit
  • Polygraph Unit
  • Voiceprint Analysis Unit
  • Evidence Collection Unit
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vEQUE8IeVmpAfeature
    related

8
Other Forensic Science Services
  • Forensic Pathology Autopsy,Livor Mortis pic.bmp,
    http//health.howstuffworks.com/autopsy.htm
  • Forensic Anthropology http//www.youtube.com/watch
    ?vH-lso0JL3Z8featurerelated
  • Forensic Entomology http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
    C2YNmdPNG_Afeaturerelated
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vePHwtzK4vyEfeature
    related
  • Forensic Psychiatry
  • Forensic Odontology http//www.youtube.com/watch?v
    DKeEbVLZNWcfeaturerelated
  • Forensic Engineering
  • Cybertechnology http//www.youtube.com/watch?vZHm
    FiueQm5A

9
Major Crime Laboratories
  • FBI
  • DEA
  • ATF
  • U.S. Postal Service
  • U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

10
Crime Lab History
  • First police crime lab in the world was
    established in France in 1910 by Edmond Locard
  • First police crime lab in the U.S. opened in 1923
    in Los Angeles
  • The Scientific Crime Detection Lab was founded in
    Evanston, Illinois in 1929
  • The first FBI crime lab opened in 1932

11
Major Developments in Forensic Science History
  • 700s ADChinese used fingerprints to establish
    identity of documents and clay sculptures
  • 1000Roman courts determined that bloody palm
    prints were used to frame a man in his brothers
    murder
  • 1149King Richard of England introduced the idea
    of the coroner to investigate questionable death
  • 1200sA murder in China is solved when flies were
    attracted to invisible blood residue on a sword
    of a man in the community
  • 1598Fidelus was first to practice forensic
    medicine in Italy
  • 1670Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed the first
    high-powered microscope
  • 1776Paul Revere identified the body of General
    Joseph Warren based on the false teeth he had
    made for him
  • 1784John Toms convicted of murder on basis of
    torn edge of wad of paper in pistol matching a
    piece of paper in his pocket

12
Major Developments in Forensic Science History
  • 1859Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen
    developed the science of spectroscopy.
  • 1864Crime scene photography developed
  • 1879Alphonse Bertillon developed a system to
    identify people using particular body
    measurements
  • 1896Edward Henry developed first classification
    system for fingerprint identification
  • 1900Karl Landsteiner identified human blood
    groups
  • 1904Edmond Locard formulated his famous
    principle, Every contact leaves a trace.
  • 1922Francis Aston developed the mass
    spectrometer.
  • 1959James Watson and Francis Crick discover the
    DNA double helix
  • 1977AFIS developed by FBI, fully automated in
    1996
  • 1984Jeffreys developed and used first DNA tests
    to be applied to a criminal case

13
People of Historical Significance
  • Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
  • French professor
  • Considered the father of criminalistics
  • Built the worlds first forensic laboratory in
    France in 1910
  • Locard Exchange Principle
  • Whenever two objects come into contact with each
    other, traces of each are exchanged.

14
People of Historical Significance
  • Mathieu Orfila(1787-1853)-toxicology detection of
    poisons and effects on animals
  • Alphonse Bertillion(1853-1914)-personal
    identification-anthropometry system of precise
    body measurements
  • -replaced by fingerprinting and DNA
  • Francis Galton(1822-1911)-methodology of
    classification of fingerprinting

15
People of Historical Significance
  • Leone Lattes(1887-1954)-blood typing, identified
    blood groups and allowed for testing of dried
    blood
  • Calvin Goddard(1891-1955) firearms identification
    comparisons of bullets etc.
  • Albert Osborn(1858-1946) document identification
  • Walter C. McCrone-Microscopy
  • Hans Gross(1847-1915)book-scientific principles
    for criminal investigating

16
Crime Scene Team
  • A group of professional investigators, each
    trained in a variety of special disciplines.
  • Team Members
  • First Police Officer on the scene
  • Medics (if necessary)
  • Investigator(s)
  • Medical Examiner or Representative (if necessary)
  • Photographer and/or Field Evidence Technician
  • Lab Experts
  • pathologist serologist
  • DNA expert toxicologist
  • forensic odontologist forensic anthropologist
  • forensic psychologist forensic entomologist
  • firearm examiner bomb and arson
    thttp//www.youtube.com/watch?vn1ap4ZwA6Tgfeatur
    erelated
  • document and handwriting experts fingerprint
    expert

17
Scientific Method(as it pertains to
criminalistics)
  • Observe a problem or questioned evidence and
    collect objective data.
  • Consider a hypothesis or possible solution.
  • Examine, test, and then analyze the evidence.
  • Determine the significance of the evidence.
  • Formulate a theory based on evaluation of the
    significance of the evidence

18
How observant are you?
  • http//www.shodor.org/workshops/forensic/skills/ob
    servation2.html

19
Complex Reasoning Skills
  • Necessary to Work Through and Solve Crimes
  • Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
  • Classifying
  • Comparing and Contrasting
  • Problem Solving
  • Analyzing Perspectives
  • Constructing Support
  • Error Analysis

20
Laws that Pertain to the U.S. Criminal Justice
System
  • The U.S. Constitution
  • Statutory Law
  • Common Law or Case Law
  • Civil Law
  • Criminal Law
  • Equity Law
  • Administrative Law

21
The Bill of RightsGives individuals the right
  • To be presumed innocent until proven guilty
  • Not to be searched unreasonably
  • Not to be arrested without probable cause
  • Against unreasonable seizure of personal property
  • Against self-incrimination
  • To fair questioning by police
  • To protection from physical harm throughout the
    justice process
  • To an attorney
  • To trial by jury
  • To know any charges against oneself
  • To cross-examine prosecution witnesses
  • To speak and present witnesses
  • Not to be tried again for the same crime
  • Against cruel and unusual punishment
  • To due process
  • To a speedy trial
  • Against excessive bail
  • Against excessive fines
  • To be treated the same as others, regardless of
    race, gender, religious preference, country of
    origin, and other personal attributes

22
Miranda v Arizona
  • In 1963, Ernesto Miranda, a 23 year old mentally
    disturbed man, was accused of kidnapping and
    raping an 18-year-old woman in Phoenix, Arizona.
    He was brought in for questioning, and confessed
    to the crime. He was not told that he did not
    have to speak or that he could have a lawyer
    present. At trial, Miranda's lawyer tried to get
    the confession thrown out, but the motion was
    denied. The case went to the Supreme Court in
    1966. The Court ruled that the statements made to
    the police could not be used as evidence, since
    Mr. Miranda had not been advised of his rights.

23
Miranda Rights
  • The following is a minimal Miranda warning
  • You have the right to remain silent. Anything you
    say can and will be used against you in a court
    of law. You have the right to speak to an
    attorney, and to have an attorney present during
    any questioning. If you cannot afford a lawyer,
    one will be provided for you at the governments
    expense.

24
Types of Crimes
  • Infraction
  • Misdemeanor
  • Felony

25
Federal Rules of Evidence
  • In order for evidence to be admissible, it must
    be
  • Probativeactually prove something
  • Materialaddress an issue that is relevant to the
    particular crime

26
Admissibility of Evidence
  • 1923 Frye v. United States
  • Scientific evidence is allowed into the courtroom
    if it is generally accepted by the relevant
    scientific community. The Frye standard does not
    offer any guidance on reliability. The evidence
    is presented in the trial and the jury decides if
    it can be used.
  • 1993 Daubert v. Dow
  • Admissibility is determined by
  • Whether the theory or technique can be tested
  • Whether the science has been offered for peer
    review
  • Whether the rate of error is acceptable
  • Whether the method at issue enjoys widespread
    acceptance.
  • Whether the opinion is relevant to the issue
  • The judge decides if the evidence can be entered
    into the trial.

27
Facets of Guilt
  • Try to prove
  • Meansperson had the ability to do the crime
  • Motiveperson had a reason to do the crime (not
    necessary to prove in a court of law)
  • Opportunityperson can be placed at the crime

28
Provisions of Expert Testimony
  • Expert Witness-
  • an individual whom the court determines possesses
    knowledge relevant to the trial that is not
    expected of the average lay person.

29
Expert Witness
  • Expert Witness must give testimony
  • On events or observations that arise from
    personal knowledge
  • Testimony must be factual, and with few
    exceptions, cannot contain personal opinion of
    the witness
  • If called upon, evaluate evidence that he court
    lacks the experience to do.
  • Such opinions on the significance of the findings
    may be accepted or ignored in jury deliberations
  • Not possible to render any view with absolute
    certainty

30
  • If the Law has made you a witness, remain a man
    (woman) of science.
  • You have no victim to avenge, no guilty or
    innocent person to ruin or save.
  • You must bear testimony within the limits of
    science.
  • P.C.H.
    Brouardel
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