10th American History Unit IV- A Champion of Democracy 1939-1960

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10th American HistoryUnit IV- A Champion of
Democracy 1939-1960
Chapter 15 Section 1 The Iron Curtain Falls on
Europe
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The Cold War Begins (0451)
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The Iron Curtain Falls on Europe

• The Main Idea
• At the end of World War II, tensions between the
  Soviet Union and the United States deepened,
  leading to an era known as the Cold War.
• Reading Focus
• What were the roots of the Cold War?
• What was the Iron Curtain?
• How did the United States respond to Soviet
  actions in Europe?
• What was the crisis in Berlin in the late 1940s,
  and how was it resolved?

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The Cold War (0417)
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Roots of the Cold War

• Philosophical differences between the Soviet
  Union and the United States reached back to the
  1920s.
• Soviet Union communism, totalitarian
  dictatorship
• United States free-enterprise capitalism,
  republic

Philosophical Differences

• Allies during the war, but not truly friends
• Soviets wanted British and Americans to open a
  second European front earlier in the war.
• U.S. atomic bomb plans worried Soviet Union.

World War II Conflicts

• The Soviet Union refused to let Eastern Europe
  hold elections as promised at Yalta.
• The United States resisted Soviet expansion.

Postwar Conflicts
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Roots of the Cold War

• The U.S. and Britain, alarmed by the Soviet
  domination of Eastern Europe, feared the
  expansion of Soviet power and communism in
  Western Europe and elsewhere.
• The Soviets were determined to maintain control
  of Eastern Europe, in part to safeguard against a
  possible renewed threat from Germany.
• The Cold War (the term was first used by Bernard
  Baruch during a congressional debate in 1947) was
  waged mainly on political, economic, and
  propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse
  to weapons.
• It was at its peak in 194853 with the Berlin
  blockade and airlift, the formation of NATO, the
  victory of the communists in the Chinese civil
  war, and the Korean War. Another intense stage
  occurred in 195862 with the Cuban missile
  crisis, which resulted in a weapons buildup by
  both sides.
• A period of détente in the 1970s was followed by
  renewed hostility.
• The Cold War ended with the collapse of the
  Soviet Union in 1991.

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Julius and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg

• Were American Communists who received
  international attention when they were executed
  for passing nuclear weapons secrets to the Soviet
  Union.
• The couple were the only two American civilians
  to be executed for espionage-related activity
  during the Cold War.
• In imposing the death penalty, Judge Kaufman
  noted that he held them responsible not only for
  espionage but also for the deaths of the Korean
  War since the information leaked to the Russians
  was believed to help them develop the A-bomb and
  stimulate Communist aggression in Korea.
• Their case has been at the center of the
  controversy over communism in the United States
  ever since.

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The Roots of the Cold War

• What were the roots of the Cold War?
• Explain Why was President Roosevelt concerned
  when Germany and the Soviet Union signed their
  nonaggression pact in 1939?
• Analyze- Why did hard feelings arise between the
  Soviets and the Americans and British during
  World War II?

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The Iron Curtain

• Stalin wanted to retain political and economic
  control over Eastern Europe.
• The Soviets managed to install Communist
  governments throughout Eastern Europe.
• Stalin outlawed political parties or newspapers
  that opposed the Communists.
• The Soviets jailed or killed some political
  opponents.
• The Soviets rigged elections to ensure the
  success of Communists.
• Yugoslavia was the one Eastern European nation
  that was not under the direct control of Stalin
  and the Soviet Union.
• Josip Broz Tito, a Communist, refused to take
  orders from the Soviet Union.
• The Soviet Union relocated Germans living in
  Poland and other countries of Eastern Europe.

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The Iron Curtain
Western Views of the Iron Curtain

• Winston Churchill attacked the Soviet Union for
  creating an Iron Curtain.
• The term reflected Churchills belief that
  communism had created a sharp division in Europe.
• Harry S Truman urged his secretary of state to
  get tough with the Soviets.

Soviet Views of the Iron Curtain

• Stalin believed that the Iron Curtain was
  necessary to protect the Soviet Union from
  western attacks.
• Stalin used Churchills words to help persuade
  his people that the United States and Great
  Britain were their enemies.
• He also used this as an excuse to rebuild the
  military.

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The Iron Curtain Decends

• What was the Iron Curtain?
• Explain Why was the United States alarmed by
  the Soviet treatment of Germans living in Poland
  and other countries of Eastern Europe?
• Summarize- Why did Stalin want to hold on to
  Eastern Europe?
• Make Judgments- Do you think Stalin was justified
  in wanting to control Eastern Europe? Explain.

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How did the United States respond to Soviet
actions in Europe?

• Containment
• George F. Kennan created a policy known as
  containment.
• This policy stated that the United States should
  resist Soviet attempts to expand its power.
• Containment included economic aid, sanctions, and
  military force.

• Truman Doctrine
• Said that the United States would help people
  fight against oppressors
• Truman wanted to send aid to Greece and Turkey to
  help them fight Soviet pressure.
• Congress agreed to send millions of dollars to
  Greece and Turkey.

• Marshall Plan
• An aid program to rebuild the economies of
  European countries to create stable conditions
  for democracies
• 17 countries received 13.4 billion dollars in
  aid.
• Helped build strong political support in Western
  Europe

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Containment

• The foreign policy strategy of the United States
  in the early years of the Cold War in which it
  attempted to stop what it called the domino
  effect of nations moving politically towards
  Soviet Union-based communism, rather than
  European-American-based capitalism.
• George Kennan argued that the primary goal of the
  United States should be to prevent the spread of
  Communism to non-Communist nations that is, to
  "contain" Communism within its borders. The
  Truman Doctrine aimed at this goal, and
  containment was one of its key principles.
• He never advocated military intervention, merely
  economic support.

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The Truman Doctrine (0237)
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The Marshall Plan 0 46
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The United States Responds

• How did the United States respond to Soviet
  actions in Europe?
• Describe What were the components of George F.
  Kennans containment policy and how did they work
  together?
• Predict- How will the Truman Doctrine play an
  important part in U.S. foreign policy?

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The United States Responds

• Identify Who was George Marshall?
• Analyze What is the connection between the
  Marshall Plan and Kennans containment policy?
• Identify Cause and Effect- What was the result
  of the Marshall Plan?
• Evaluate Why do you think the Soviet Union
  refused U.S. aid?

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Divided Germany Map 15.1
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Crisis in Berlin

• With the start of the Cold War, it became clear
  that the Soviets planned to keep their German
  zone under Communist control.
• The British, Americans, and French began to take
  steps to set up a free, democratic government
  within their German zones.
• The western zone eventually became known as the
  Federal Republic of Germany, or West Germany.
• The British, Americans, and French also tried to
  set up a democratic government in West Berlin.
• The Soviets were not happy with the idea of a
  Western-style government and economy in the
  middle of the Soviet zone of occupation.

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Berlin Airlift - June 30, 1948 (0246)
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The Crisis in Berlin

• Soviets Bloc Traffic
• In June 1948 the Soviets announced that they
  would block any road, rail, or river traffic into
  West Berlin.
• West Berlins residents were cut off from food,
  coal, and other products.
• West Berlin was not completely cutoff because it
  had airstrips.

• The Berlin Airlift
• British and American planes began making
  deliveries to West Berlin.
• The Berlin Airlift continued for months and
  months.
• Finally, the Soviet Union lifted its blockade on
  May 12, 1949.

• NATO Forms
• In 1949 the U.S. and 6 other nations joined
  Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and
  the U.K. to form NATO.
• An armed attack against one would be considered
  an attack against all.
• Today, 26 countries belong to NATO.

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NATO
The Parties agree that an armed attack against
one or more of them in Europe or North America
shall be considered an attack against them all.
Consequently they agree that, if such an armed
attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the
right of individual or collective self-defense
recognized by Article 51 of the Charter of the
United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties
so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and
in concert with the other Parties, such action as
it deems necessary, including the use of armed
force, to restore and maintain the security of
the North Atlantic area.
A military alliance established by the signing of
the North Atlantic Treaty on April 4, 1949
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The Crisis in Berlin

• What was the crisis in Berlin in the late 1940s
  and how was it resolved?
• Recall What happened to Germany and its capital
  after World War II?
• Identify- What was the Federal Republic of
  Germany?
• Evaluate Why do you think the Soviets wanted to
  cut off food, fuel, and other necessities from
  West Berlin?

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The Crisis in Berlin

• Recall How long did the Berlin Airlift
  continue?
• Summarize- What is NATO and why was it formed?

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Chapter 15 Section 1 Assessment

• 1
• a- Define Cold War- Rivalry between U.S. and
  Soviet Union
• b- Infer- U.S. does not trust the Soviet Union
• c- Evaluate- No, could have jeopardized security
• 2
• a- Recall a sharp division between Eastern and
  Western Europe created by Communism.
• b- Conclusions- Feared Soviets would take over
  Europe
• c- Elaborate- Yes, Stalin was a serious threat
  no, home front needed help.

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Chapter 15 Section 1 Assessment

• 3
• a- Define Containment- prevent the spread of
  Communism. Truman Doctrine- provide aid to
  countries trying to resist communism. Marshall
  Plan- aid to rebuild Europe.
• b- Draw Conclusions- created strong economic ties
  and allies spurred sales of U.S. goods abroad.
• c- Predict- will strengthen ties with the U.S.
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• a- Recall supplies flown into West Berlin to
  avoid the Soviet blockade.
• b- Explain - plane crashes difficult Soviets
  might fire on Allies.