Islam: Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of the Caliphates 632-1500

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Islam Shia-versus Sunni/emergence of the
Caliphates632-1500

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Muslim Mosque in Mecca
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Kaaba, sacred shrine to Allah in Mecca
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D144Kaaba
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Hajj

• Muslims performing the Hajj (a pilgrimage to
  Mecca).
• The simple white garments symbolize the equality
  of believers.

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Muslim Pilgrimage
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Muslims in Mecca
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Muslims at Prayer
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Muslim obligations Almsgiving
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Jihad

• Jihad among extremists refers to Holy Wars
  against the infidels or of Territorial expansion.
  
• Among moderates, Jihad refers to Defense of
  ones faith and or an inner struggle to rid
  oneself of evil and submit to Allah.

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Emergence of Shia

• Claim that Alis descendents were the true
  successors to Muhammad
• Shia community recognizes the Imans, the
  successors to Alis Spiritual Authority
• Recognizes Koran only, not Koran but Sunna
  (traditional teachings) as authoritative.

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Caliph

• Caliph or Deputy refers to the Islamic rulers
  after the death of Muhammad.
• Abu-Bakr is first Caliph (632-624)
• The first four caliphs expanded the kingdom
  still further.
• Caliphs have both religious civil authority.

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Eras of Islamic Civilization

• 570-632 Muhammad-Founder
• 632-661 First four Caliphs - Expansion in
  Mideast
• 661-750 Ommayad Dynasty-(Centered in Damascus)
  Expansion in N.Africa Spain

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Eras of Islamic Civilization cont.

• 750-1258 Abbasid Dynasty, Golden Age at Baghdad
• 1000s-1400s Seljuks Mongols
• 1453-WW I Ottoman Empire Fragmentation

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D162Muslim Exp.Map
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Branches of Islam

• Most Muslims would agree on the basic principles
  of Islam
• Many varieties in beliefs and practices exist.
  The main groups are
• Sunnis
• Shiites

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Sunnis

• Comprises 85 of Muslims
• Considered to be mainstream everywhere except in
  Iran
• Sources of religious and legal authority are the
  Quran and the hadith (traditions)

• Analogy and consensus are used to arrive at
  solutions
• Sunnis often able to adapt to different cultures
  without losing their own values or beliefs

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Hadith

• Expand the basic teachings
• Answer legal questions
• Clarify ritual duties

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Shiites

• Started as a political dispute over the
  leadership of Islam
• Muhammad died without naming an heir some
  believed his cousin Ali should be his successor
• 661 CE, Ali was murdered 680 CE, his son,
  Husayn, was killed in Iraq
• Ali and Husayn were the first martyrs of the
  Shiites (Shia Ali)

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Imams

• Spiritual leaders of Islam are the imams
• Imams are without sin and can interpret scripture
  without error
• Innovation possible only through an imams
  approval
• Belief in the Mahdi (guided one) - messianic
  figure who will lead the world into a time of
  peace
• Sunni and Shia disagree over the scope and power
  of Imams for Sunni, the Imam is a prayer
  leader for the Shia, the Imam is temporal
  leaderthe True Caliph.

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The Umayyad Caliphate

• Flourish from 661 to 750
• Centered in Damascus
• Nearly took Constantinople (674-77) but were
  deterred by Greek Fire
• Captured Spain but were defeated by Charles
  Martel at Tours in 732.
• Weakness of Umayyadsonly Arabs could be
  Muslimsopposed by Abbasids who accepted Muslims
  of all ethnicities

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The Abbasid Caliphate

• Flourished from 750 to 1258
• Centered in Baghdad
• Great libraries, academies, and schools.
• Translated classical Greek scholarship into
  Arabicpreserving it for posterity
• Achievements in Medicine, astronomy, and
  Mathematics
• Muslim states in West break away from Abbasid
  control beginning in 756.
• Seljuk Turks convert to Islam and conquer
  Abbasids (1055) but allow Abbasids to continue to
  rule
• Genghis Khans Grandson topples Abbasids in 1258

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Ottoman Empire (1300-1918)

• The Ottoman Empire would rival that of China in
  size and economic power.
• But over time the Ottoman Empire would be
  weakened until the twentieth century.
• Yet under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566)
  the Ottoman Empire expanded into North Africa and
  Syria.

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Growth of the Ottoman Empire

• For nearly 300 years the Ottomans expanded into
  the Balkans and to Persia.
• By 1683 the Turks controlled Hungary in Europe to
  the Persian Gulf.
• Initial Ottoman conquest and expansion was
  under their able leader Osman (1299-1326).
• Osman was a ghazi, or warrior, who was
  determined to spread the faith.

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Why Did The Ottomans Succeed?

• Ottomans tolerated other faithsdidnt fight wars
  of religious exclusivism
• Many in Old Byzantine Empire were weary of
  corruption in Byzantine state

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Key Events of the Ottoman State

• 1389 Defeat the Serbs at Battle of Kosovo.
• 1396 Crushed the Hungarians and foreign knights
  at Nicopolis.
• 1402 Tamerlane defeats the Ottomans near
  Ankara.
• 1453 Turks capture Constantinople by Mohammed
  II.
• 1517 Turks captured Cairo.
• 1529 First siege of Vienna.
• 1683 Second siege of Vienna.

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162MMap
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Historic Contributions of the Islamic
Civilizations

• Rhazes (d. 925) Medical expert of the Abbasid
  Dynasty who studied optics Caesarian operations
  and more.
• Most famous treatise On Small Pox and Measles

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Historic Contributions of the Islamic
Civilizations

• Avicenna (d. 1037) A Muslim scholar of the
  Abbasid Dynasty who excelled in both Medicine and
  Philosophy
• His Canon of Medicine was translated into Latin
  in the 12th century and by the 16th century was
  in its 35th edition.

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Historic Contributions of the Islamic
Civilizations

• Aveorres (d. 1198) Philosopher of the Abbasid
  Dynasty who tried to harmonize Islamc faith with
  Aristotelian logic.

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Distillation of Alcohol

• Developed about 800
• Al-kuhl means the essense

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Astrolabe

• Used for astronomy for navigation.
• It is believed that the Muslim al-Fazari
  (d.777A.D.) was the first scientist in the
  MidEast to make an astrolabe, following the
  arrival of an Indian mission to Baghdad.

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Muslim Medicine

• Muslim physicians were active in the advancement
  of surgical techniques, and were among the first
  to use narcotic and sedative drugs in operations.

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Omar Khyyam

• Of the Abbasid Dynasty was the author of the
  Rubaiyat and the Book of 1001 Nights.
• A Book of Verses underneath the Bough A jug of
  wine, a loaf of breadand thou beside me in the
  wildernessOh Wilderness were paradise enow!

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Harun Al Rashid (800s)

• An esteemed ruler of the Abbasid Dynasty who
  exchanged gifts, and established friendly
  relations with Charlemagne (ruler of the greatest
  Christian Kingdom in Europe at that time).

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Cordoba, Spain

• From 756 - 1031, Cordoba was a political and
  cultural center for the Muslims.

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Muslim Art Architecture

• The Muslim religion prohibited the picturing of
  human and natural forms.
• Muslim art was thus channeled into artistic
  displays of great geometric complexity and
  abstract ornamentation.

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Muslim Art Architecture

• This Muslim mosque in Seville, was built in 1172.
• It was converted to a Chrisitan Cathedral in
  1248.

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Muslim architecture
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F320Ottoman Map
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So If Islam was so cool, what happened?

• Present Mindednesswho knows if we wont all be
  dead or Muslim?
• Problem of Closed Revelation
• Failure to form effective states
• Weak/decadent rulers
• Focus on moral reform and supernatural
  deliverance rather than structural/material
  reformWahabbism.