Chapter 10- Renaissance and Discovery The Renaissance in

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Chapter 10- Renaissance and Discovery
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The Renaissance in Italy

• Interpretation
• Transition- medieval to modern
• 1375- death of Petrarch and Boccacio
• 1527- sacking of Rome (French Francis I vs. HRE
  Charles V)
• Natural crossroads and urban vitality
• Bankers of Europe

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Warfare- emperors versus popes
• Cities allowed to grow and prosper
• 5 Italian states
• The Duchy of Milan
• The Republic of Florence
• The Republic of Venice- merchant oligarchy
• The Papal States
• The kingdom of Naples

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Florence- 4 social groups
• Grandi- old rich, traditional rulers
• Popolo grosso- newly rich merchants
• Popolo minuto- small business owners
• Paupers- 1/3 of population, no wealth
• Ciompi Revolt in 1378- chaos
• Cosimo de Medici- behind the scenes, Officer of
  Public Debt
• Signoria- council of guildmasters

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Podesta- strongman to maintain order, authority,
  needed own support
• Condottieri- mercenary groups
• Dangerous jobs- assassination
• Birth of diplomacy- ambassadors
• Great wealth, backing of groups, papal support-
  led to Renaissance culture

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Humanism- debate on meaning
• Basics- educational program focusing on rhetoric
  and scholarship
• Studied- Latin and Greek classics, early Church
  writings
• Studia humanitis- liberal arts (grammar,
  rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, moral
  philosophy)
• First humanists- writers
• Earlier studies set precedent but later
  Renaissance distinguished by secular topics, lay
  dominated

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Went beyond summarizing past works
• Petrarch- Father of Humanism
• Involved in politics, studied and read Roman
  works, wrote poetry (sonnets to Laura)
• Critical and secular
• Dante Alighieri- Divine Comedy
• Boccacio- Decameron

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Search for primary sources
• Goal- be wise, speak eloquently, know what is
  good and practice virtue
• Vergerio- On the Morals That Befit a Free Man-
  ideal of useful education, well rounded
• Castiglione- Book of the Courtier- practical
  guide for noble court
• Christine de Pisan

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Emphasis on Greek learning and Plato
• Florentine Platonic Academy- informal group to
  revive Platonic works
• Platonism- focus on two worlds, human reasons
• Oration on the Dignity of Man- Mirandola

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Lorenzo Valla- Donation of Constantine was
  untrue, caused controversy
• Civic humanism- humanist leadership in political
  and cultural life
• Ideal not reached, humanists seen as intellectual
  snobs

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The Renaissance in Italy

• New perspective on life- laity increasingly
  important, rise in national sentiment, worldly
  view
• Art- observation of natural world and emotions
• New technology- oil paints, shading and
  perspective

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Giotto- Father of Renaissance painting

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Masaccio

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The Renaissace in Italy

• Donatello

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Da Vinci- painter, engineer, scientist

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Raphael- loved, School of Athens

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The Renaissance in Italy

• Michelangelo- glorification of human form, David,
  Sistine Chapel
• Mannerism- expression of feelings

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Italian Politics

• Alliance of city-states for protection from Turks
• Internal disagreement led to France intervention
• Charles VIII came to aid of Milan against
  Florence
• Savonarola in charge of Florence, religious
  fanatic, eventually ousted
• Ferdinand of Aragon fearful of French-Italian
  alliance so joined Venice-Papal states
• Milan realized mistake and backed out

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Italian Politics

• Louis XII joined with Pope Alexander VI
• System of favors and corruption
• Louis took over Milan, divided Naples with Spain
• Pope Julius II- warrior pope (Erasmus)
• Take back power and land from France- not easy
• Concordat of Bologna- French authority of
  choosing clergy

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Italian Politics

• Political chaos and artistic peak
• Machiavelli- ends justifies means
• Romanticized Roman history and wanted a united
  Italy
• Saw need for strong dictator
• The Prince (1513)- satire?, meant for Lorenzo de
  Medici

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Monarchy in N Europe

• Shift from feudal division to national sovereigns
• Towns allied with kings
• Monarchs act as separate from nobility
• Royal ministers/agents work for the national
  sentiments
• Standing national armies
• Levy taxes- creative, not nobles

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France

• Made great by kings and strong advisors
• Defeat of England and Burgundy
• Louis XI ended kingdom with twice as much land,
  increase in manufacturing, expanded trade,
  control of nobles
• Weakened after Louis

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Spain

• Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
  joined for power
• Conquered Moors, secured borders, allegiance with
  league of cities
• Total control of Spanish church- choice of clergy
  and conversion/exile for non Christians
• Good marriage alliances
• Exploration

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England

• Internal conflict- War of the Roses
• Lancasters vs. Yorks
• Henry Tudor- Henry VII
• Court of the Star Chamber to control nobles
• Used to further monarchy and end control of
  nobility

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Holy Roman Empire

• Resistance to unity
• Golden Bull- electoral college, elect emperor
• Reichstag established- national assembly
• Internal disagreement continued

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Northern Renaissance

• Imports of Italian learning and art
• Northern humanists- more diverse group, appealed
  to lay groups, printing allowed spread
• Printing press- books more economical
• Johann Gutenberg- movable type
• Increases in literacy- decreases in absolute
  authority
• Pamphlets and propaganda

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Northern Renaissance

• Desiderus Erasmus
• Published etiquette, proverbs
• Wanted to unite classical ideals and civic virtue
  with Christianity
• Philosophy of Christ- dont let doctrine, ritual
  overcome ideals
• Church reaction

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Northern Renaissance

• Humanism in Germany- Reuchlin affair
• Reuchlin- scholar, Hebrew grammar, attacked
• Ideas came to England through universities
• Thomas More- Utopia
• Humanism used in Spain to continue Catholic
  repression

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Exploration

• Prince Henry the Navigator
• Gold and spices
• Bartholomeu Dias- Cape of Good Hope
• Vasco da Gama- sail to India
• Spanish- Atlantic
• Christopher Columbus
• Ferdinand Magellan

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Exploration

• Spanish govt- imprint Catholicism, economic
  dependence, hierarchical social structure
• Columbus- Taino Indians
• Mesoamerica- Olmecs, Mayans, Aztecs, Incas
• Aztecs- sacrifice, Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma II

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Exploration

• Incas- Francisco Pizarro, Atahualpa
• Advanced weapons, disease
• Missionaries to save the natives- convert to
  Catholicism
• Bartolome da las Casas- opposition to treatment,
  Black Legend
• Church upheld system, landownership

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Exploration

• Mining, agriculture and shipping- economy
• Conquistadors- silver real wealth, govt monopoly
• Hacienda- Spanish owned, natives worked,
  secondary to mining
• Plantation was unit- sugar
• Encomienda system- grants of rights of labor
  (hundreds)

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Exploration

• Decline led to repartimiento- number of days of
  work owed
• Debt peonage- free labor forced to buy from land
  owners
• 25 million to 2 million
• Question wisdom of the ancients
• Enlightenment thinkers- noble savage
• New wealth- capitalism