The branch of biology dealing with interactions among organisms and betweenorganisms and their environment iscalled

1
The branch of biology dealing with interactions
among organisms and betweenorganisms and their
environment iscalled

• economy.
• modeling.
• recycling.
• ecology.

2
The combined portions of Earth in which all
living things exist is called the

• biome.
• community.
• ecosystem.
• biosphere.

3
All of the members of a particular species that
live in one area are called a(an)

• biome.
• population.
• community.
• ecosystem.

4
Which of the following descriptions about the
organization of an ecosystem is correct?

• Communities make up species, which make up
  populations.
• Populations make up species, which make up
  communities.
• Species make up communities, which make up
  populations.
• Species make up populations, which make up
  communities.

5
The simplest grouping of more than one kind of
organism in the biosphere is

• a population.
• a community.
• an ecosystem.
• a species.

6
The lowest level of environmental complexity that
includes living and nonliving factors is the

• biome.
• community.
• ecosystem.
• biosphere.

7
Which of the following is NOT a basic method used
by ecologists to study the living world?

• experimenting
• classifying
• modeling
• observing

8
Which ecological inquiry method is an ecologist
using when he or she enters an area periodically
to count the population numbers of a certain
species?

• questioning
• observing
• experimenting
• modeling

9
A mathematical formula designed to predict
population fluctuations in a community could be
called a(an)

• biological experiment.
• biological system.
• ecological model.
• ecological observation.

10
Plants are

• producers.
• consumers.
• herbivores.
• omnivores.

11
What is the original source of almost all the
energy in most ecosystems?

• carbohydrates
• sunlight
• water
• carbon

12
Figure 31
13
The algae at the beginning of the food chain in
Figure 31 are

• consumers.
• decomposers.
• producers.
• heterotrophs.

14
An organism that uses energy to produce its own
food supply from inorganic compounds is
called a(an)

• heterotroph.
• consumer.
• detritivore.
• autotroph.

15
Which of the following organisms does NOTrequire
sunlight to live?

• chemosynthetic bacteria
• algae
• trees
• photosynthetic bacteria

16
An organism that cannot make its own food is
called a(an)

• heterotroph.
• chemotroph.
• autotroph.
• producer.

17
In which way are plants in a sunny mountain
meadow and sulfur bacteria in a deep-sea volcanic
vent alike?

• They both use photosynthesis to make their own
  food.
• They both produce carbohydrates and oxygen.
• They both use chemosynthesis to produce their own
  food.
• They both produce carbon and hydrogen.

18
Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down
dead and decaying plants and animals are called

• decomposers.
• omnivores.
• autotrophs.
• producers.

19
What is an organism that feeds only on plants
called?

• carnivore
• herbivore
• omnivore
• detritivore

20
All the interconnected feeding relationships in
an ecosystem make up a food

• interaction.
• chain.
• network.
• web.

21
The total amount of living tissue within a given
trophic level is called the

• organic mass.
• trophic mass.
• energy mass.
• biomass.

22
What is an ecological model of the relationships
that form a network of complex interactions among
organisms in a community from producers to
decomposers?

• food web
• an ecosystem
• food chain
• a population

23
What animals eat both producers and consumers?

• herbivores
• omnivores
• chemotrophs
• autotrophs

24
What is the term for each step in the transfer of
energy and matter within a food web?

• energy path
• food chain
• trophic level
• food pyramid

25
A bird stalks, kills, and then eats an insect.
Based on its behavior, which ecological terms
describe the bird?

• herbivore, decomposer
• producer, heterotroph
• carnivore, consumer
• autotroph, herbivore

26
A snake that eats a frog that has eaten an insect
that fed on a plant is a

• first-level producer.
• first-level consumer.
• second-level producer.
• third-level consumer.

27
Figure 32
28
The trophic levels in Figure 32 illustrate

• the relative amount of energy at each level.
• the amount of living organic matter at each
  level.
• the relative number of individual organisms at
  each level.
• that the producers outnumber first-level
  consumers.

29
In which way does Figure 32 differ from a
typical model of trophic levels?

• Second-level consumers outnumber first-level
  consumers.
• Third-level consumers outnumber second-level
  consumers.
• First-level consumers outnumber producers.
• First-level consumers outnumber second-level
  consumers.

30
Only 10 percent of the energy stored in an
organism can be passed on to the next trophic
level. Of the remaining energy, some is used for
the organisms life processes, and the rest is

• used in reproduction.
• stored as body tissue.
• stored as fat.
• eliminated as heat.

31
Most of the energy available to a consumer
trophic level is used by organisms for

• transfer to the next trophic level.
• respiration, movement, and reproduction.
• producing inorganic chemical compounds.
• performing photosynthesis.

32
Which type of pyramid shows the amount of living
tissue at each trophic level in an ecosystem?

• a numbers pyramid
• an energy pyramid
• a biomass pyramid
• a food pyramid

33
Matter can recycle through the biosphere because

• matter is passed out of the body as waste.
• matter is assembled into chemical compounds.
• biological systems do not use up matter, they
  transform it.
• biological systems use only carbon, oxygen,
  hydrogen, and nitrogen.

34
The repeated movement of water between Earths
surface and the atmosphere is called

• the water cycle.
• the condensation cycle.
• precipitation.
• evaporation.

35
Which of the following is NOT recycled in the
biosphere?

• water
• nitrogen
• carbon
• energy

36
What is the process by whichbacteria convert
nitrogen gas in the air to ammonia?

• nitrogen fixation
• excretion
• decomposition
• denitrification

37
Carbon cycles through the biosphere in all of the
following processes EXCEPT

• photosynthesis.
• transpiration.
• burning of fossil fuels.
• decomposition of plants and animals.

38
How is carbon stored in the biosphere?

• in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
• undergroundas fossil fuels and calcium carbonate
  rock
• in the oceans as dissolved carbon dioxide
• all of the above

39
Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by

• humans.
• plants.
• bacteria.
• consumers.

40
Which of the following has a direct role in the
nitrogen cycle?

• bacteria
• legumes
• decomposers
• all of the above

41
Organisms need nutrients in order to

• utilize hydrogen and oxygen.
• carry out essentiallife functions.
• recycle chemical compounds.
• carry out nitrogen fixation.

42
The movements of energy and nutrients through
living systems are different because

• energy flows in one direction and nutrients
  recycle.
• energy is limited in the biosphere and nutrients
  are always available.
• nutrients flow in one direction and energy
  recycles.
• energy forms chemical compounds and nutrients are
  lost as heat.

43
Biogeochemical cycling ensures that

• human activity will have no effect on elements,
  chemical compounds, and other forms of matter.
• living organisms will not become limited in any
  one nutrient.
• nutrients will be circulated throughout the
  biosphere.
• many nutrients will not reach toxic
  concentrations in the biosphere.

44
What can happen after a lake receives a large
input of a limiting nutrient?

• An algal bloom occurs.
• Algae begin to die and decomposers take over.
• Nitrogen compounds are recycled.
• The concentration of oxygen drops below the
  necessary level.

45
The rate at which organic matter is created by
producers in an ecosystem is called

• a limiting nutrient.
• fertilization.
• an algal bloom.
• primary productivity.

46
Which is most likely to be a limiting nutrient in
a freshwater pond?

• phosphorus
• nitrogen
• carbon
• potassium

47
If a nutrient is in such short supply in an
ecosystem that it affects an animals growth, the

• animal becomes a decomposer.
• substance is a limiting nutrient.
• nutrient leaves the food chain.
• ecosystem will not survive.

48
An ecologist who is studying the relationships
among the dominant communities in a geographical
region is studying an ecosystem.
_________________________

• True
• False

49
A biome is a group of ecosystems that have the
same climate and similar dominant communities.
_________________________

• True
• False

50
Ecologists use tools such as binoculars and
microscopes to model changes in the environment.
_________________________

• True
• False

51
Ecologists can make predictions using ecological
models. _________________________

• True
• False

52
Producers release carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere duringthe process of photosynthesis.
_________________________

• True
• False

53
Some autotrophs obtain their energy from hydrogen
sulfide to produce carbohydrates.
_________________________

• True
• False

54
Animals that feed on plants are calledproducers.
_________________________

• True
• False

55
The passage of energy from one organism to
another according to a particular feeding
sequence is called a food chain.
_________________________

• True
• False

56
In an ecological pyramid, the biomass of
organisms increases at each successive level.
_________________________

• True
• False

57
Only about 10 percent of the energy in a trophic
level is available to organisms at the next
trophic level. _________________________

• True
• False

58
Only about 15 calories are available to a
chickenfrom 1500 calories of grain.
_________________________

• True
• False

59
Scientists classify the nitrogen, carbon, and
water cycles as biogeochemical cycles.
_________________________

• True
• False

60
The biosphere actively cycles less than 1 percent
of all the carbon on Earth, even though carbonis
the key ingredient in all living systems.
_________________________

• True
• False

61
Aquatic ecosystems can receive a large input of a
limiting nutrient from the runoff from heavily
fertilized fields. _________________________

• True
• False

62
A lake that is protected from receiving the
runoff from a cultivated field is likely to
remain a healthy ecosystem. ______________________
___

• True
• False

63
Participant Scores
64
The study of interactions among organisms and
between organisms and their physical surroundings
is called ____________________.
65
Figure 33
66
Ecologists make ____________________ to study
large-scale phenomena, such as Earths water
cycle shown in Figure 33.
67
In the water cycle shown in Figure 33, the
process of _________________________ occurs
between evaporation and precipitation.
68
The water shown flowing over land in Figure 33
is called ____________________.
69
The use of radio tags, satellites, and
microscopes are all techniques employed in the
basicecological research method of
____________________.
70
Autotrophs capture energy from sunlight or
____________________ to produce food.
71
Plant-eating animals such as cows are called
____________________.
72
Organisms that break down organic matter and
return it to the environment are called
____________________.
73
Figure 31
74
Of the organisms represented in Figure 31, the
organisms in the oceans with the smallest total
biomass are most likely the ____________________.
75
The organisms in the greatest numbers in Figure
31 are the ____________________.
76
In a four-level energy pyramid, if the first
level contains 500 calories of energy, the third
level will contain approximately
____________________ calories.
77
Ground water, when taken up by the roots of
plants, eventually reenters the atmosphere by the
process of _________________________.
78
The chemical substances that an organism requires
to live are called ____________________.
79
Living organisms require nitrogen to make
____________________, which are used to build
proteins.
80
Phosphorus is a key ingredient of
____________________ because farmers know that it
forms part of the energy-producing molecules that
plants require in order to grow.
81
What and where is the biosphere?
82
Explain the ecological significance of
interdependence.
83
Figure 31
84
Using Figure 31, explain the relationship
between sharks and the sun.
85
Describe the role of algae illustrated in Figure
31.
86
Compare and contrast photosynthetic producers
with chemosynthetic producers.
87
Describe the flow of energy among the following
members of an ecosystem decomposers, autotrophs,
heterotrophs, and the sun.
88
Why are decomposers the final consumers in every
food chain?
89
Consider a food web in which snakes eat mice
toads eat beetles owls eat mice and toads
eagles eat rabbits, snakes, and owls cougars eat
deer and foxes eat rabbits and mice. What animal
occupies (gets energy in) more than one trophic
level? Explain
90
Figure 32
91
Describe the flow of energy to the owl in Figure
32 if the tree provides 1500 calories of energy
to the insects.
92
What is the most likely explanation for why
Figure 32 shows only one organism at its base?
In what way would an energy diagram be different?
93
Compare the movement of energy in the biosphere
with the movement of matter through the biosphere.
94
Figure 33
95
Using Figure 33, trace the path of water that
leaves a lake through evaporation, and describe
how it might return to the lake.
96
Explain how seepage and transpiration in Figure
33 are related.
97
Explain how the biogeochemical cycling of oxygen,
carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen are important to
living systems.
98
What events typically contribute to an algal
bloom in a lake or ocean?
99
Explain how ecological models are used by
ecologists.
100
Describe the two sources of energy that fuel life
on Earth.
101
How does a food web differ from a food chain?
102
Describe the flow of energy from the sun through
living systems. How does each organism in the
energy flow relate to the sun?
103
Describe the three types of ecological pyramids.
104
Describe the roles of bacteria in the nitrogen
cycle.
105
How might a large input of phosphorus affect a
freshwater lake over time?
106
Would you receive more energy from corn by eating
it directly or by eating the same mass of beef
from a cow that had been fed on corn? Explain
your reasoning
107
Describe the biological significance of the
carbon cycle. Where is carbon found in the
biosphere?
108
A farmer harvests a crop of corn from a large
field. He then plants beans, which are legumes,
in that same field. Once the beans are growing
well, the farmer plows them back into the soil to
decay. What would be the advantage of plowing the
bean plants back into the soil?