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Livestock and the Environment

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Livestock and the Environment From foukeffa.org Written by Johanna Davis Revised by Nicki Schaefer GA Ag Ed Curriculum Office To accompany the Georgia Agriculture ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Livestock and the Environment


1
Livestock and the Environment
  • From foukeffa.org
  • Written by Johanna Davis
  • Revised by Nicki Schaefer

GA Ag Ed Curriculum Office To accompany the
Georgia Agriculture Education Curriculum Lesson
01.432-8.9 July 2002
2
Agricultural Concerns
  • Federal State Environmental Laws
  • Endangered Species Act

3
B. Environmental Problems of Livestock Production
  • Changes in Livestock Production
  • Trend toward larger livestock operations
  • Use of large livestock confinement systems such
    as feedlots
  • .
  • Changing Environment of Agriculture
  • Migration of city dwellers to agricultural areas
  • Why?
  • Escape problems of city life

4
B. Environmental Problems of Livestock
Production(cont.)
  • Attracted to recreational developments
  • Attitudes
  • Find odors offensive
  • Unaware of byproducts of livestock production

3. Livestock Waste Disposal Concerns
  • Communities share the cost of waste disposal in
    cities

5
B. Environmental Problems of Livestock
Production(cont.)
  • Cost of facility several million dollars
  • Cost to individual 100 to 200

Individuals responsible for cost of livestock
enterprises
  • 200,000 hens, 1,200 head of cattle in a feedlot,
    or
  • 10,500 hogs may produce as much waste as
  • 20,000 people.

6
C. Agricultural Disposal Systems
  • Must be part of the total management plan
  • Must be affordable
  • Must meet the expectations of the non-farming
    neighbors
  • Must meet environmental regulations

7
D. Federal Regulations
  • Federal Water Quality Act of 1965
  • Refuse Act of 1899
  • Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965
  • Federal Clean Air Act

8
E. State Regulations
  • Most states have some type of environmental
    protection agency
  • Must enforce state Federal regulations
  • Nuisance Laws
  • May include odors, dust, chemicals, water
    pollution, animal noises, carcass disposal, etc.

9
F. Water Pollutants
  • Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
  • The EPA monitors
  • Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
  • Fecal Coliforms
  • Fecal Streptococci
  • Suspended Solids
  • Phosphorus
  • Ammonia

10
G. Handling Livestock Waste
  • Objective is to control
  • -Odors
  • -Dust
  • -Flies
  • -Rodents
  • -Surface groundwater pollution
  • -Other nuisances

11
G. Handling Livestock Wastes, (cont.)
  • Amount of manure produced (determined by)
  • Species
  • Age of Animal
  • Ration Fed
  • Fertilizer usage (determined by)
  • Length of time in storage
  • Method of treatment
  • Nutrient content

12
G. Handling Livestock Wastes, (cont.)
  • Amount and type of bedding used
  • Amount of dilution by water entering the system

13
H. Manure Handling Systems
  • Factors to consider
  • EPA Regulations
  • Species of Animal Being Raised
  • Type of Housing and Management
  • Size and Type of Operation
  • Climate
  • Characteristics of Operation

14
H. Manure Handling Systems, (cont.)
  • Classification of Facilities
  • Confined
  • Open Lot
  • Lot and Shelter
  • Enclosed Shelter
  • Unconfined
  • Pasture
  • Range

15
H. Manure Handling Systems, (cont.)
  • Types of Systems
  • Liquid
  • Pits
  • Lagoon
  • Storage Basins
  • Solid

16
I. Determining the Amount of Livestock Waste to
Apply on the Land
  • Agronomic Nitrogen Rate available Nitrogen per
    unit of yield necessary to produce a given crop
  • - Varies with species
  • - Varies with ration fed
  • - Varies with method of collection and storage
  • Phosphorus Requirements

17
J. Disposing of Manure
  • Spread on land
  • All solid systems
  • All liquid systems except lagoons
  • Valuable as fertilizers

18
J. Disposing of Manure, (cont.)
  • Environmental Considerations
  • Must be incorporated or injected into the soil
  • Do not apply to frozen or snow-covered land
  • Do not apply to saturated land immediately before
    or after a rainstorm

19
J. Disposing of Manure, (cont.)
  • Do not apply to grass waterways
  • Do not apply within 200 feet of surface water or
    within 150 feet of a well
  • Reduce the amount applied if there is a high
    water table present or if soil is highly
    permeable

20
K. Preventing Feedlot Runoff
  • Diversion preventing surface water from
    entering feedlot
  • Drainage channeling runoff from feedlot

21
K. Preventing Feedlot Runoff, (cont.)
  • Debris basins basins which catch runoff from
    pens
  • Holding ponds temporary storage for runoff
  • Disposal collecting waste and using it for
    irrigation or allowing it to evaporate

22
L. Gases and Odors from Livestock Waste
  • Caused by anaerobic bacteria breaking down the
    organic components
  • Occurs when no oxygen is present
  • Gases become dangerous to people and livestock
    in poorly ventilated areas or confined areas
  • Odors may cause neighbors to take legal action
    against the farmer

23
L. Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes, (cont.)
  • Control Methods
  • Reduce toxicity by mixing air with manure
  • Mix manure in soil as soon as possible after
    hauling/spreading

Chemical and bacterial cultures test for
Masking agents Cover up odors Counteractants At
tempt to neutralize odors
24
L. Gases and Odors from Livestock Wastes, (cont.)
  • Deodorants
  • Chemicals that kill the bacteria that
    cause odor
  • Digestive deodorants
  • Create a digestive process to eliminate
    odor

25
M. Disposal of Dead Animals
  • Responsibility of owner
  • Many states require disposal within 24 to 48 hrs.
  • Method of disposal must prevent health hazards
  • Treat any dead animal as though diseased
  • Eliminate environmental threats

26
M. Disposal of Dead Animals, (cont.)
  • Transport in a covered, metal, leak-proof vehicle
  • Approved Methods
  • Licensed disposal plant
  • Burying
  • Disposal pits
  • Burning
  • Composting

27
N. Livestock Laws
  • Animal Trespass
  • Owner Liability
  • Damage to property
  • Estray
  • Domestic Animal of Unknown ownership running at
    large
  • Land owner may retain possession until
    compensated (varies by states)

28
N. Livestock Laws, (cont.)
  • Animals On Highways
  • May cause traffic accidents
  • Owner Liability
  • Usually negligence must be proven
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