World History Chapter 3

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World HistoryChapter 3

• Kingdoms and Empires in the Middle East

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Chapter 3, Section 1

• Civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt trade and
  spread cultural influences throughout the region

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Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define confederation, alphabet, colony,
  barter
• People to Meet the Aramaeans, the Phoenicians,
  the Lydians,
• Places to Locate Syria, Damascus, Tyre

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The Aramaeans

• Highly active in Middle East trade
• Settled in Central Syria, 1200 B.C.
• Capital at Damascus
• Controlled trade route, Mesopotamia to Egypt
• People in region spoke Aramaic, language of
  Aramaeans

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The Aramaeans

• Until A.D. 800s, most people in Fertile Crescent
  spoke Aramaic
• Parts of Bible written in Aramaic

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The Phoenicians

• Originally from Arabian Peninsula
• Settled in north Canaan
• Neighbors were Philistines
• Canaan was later called Palestine by the Greeks
• They sailed the seas for a living

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The Phoenicians

• Harvested timber from nearby forests to build
  strong ships
• Built a string of towns and cities along the
  coast
• Many grew to city-statesmost significant was
  Tyre
• Loose union of city-states forming a
  confederation.

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The Phoenicians

• Sailed from their coast city-states throughout
  the Mediterranean
• Expert navigators using stars and sun
• Reached southern coast of Spain and possibly
  England
• Took charge of Mediterranean shipping and trade

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The Phoenicians

• Had advantage over business competitors because
  they had improved t alphabet
• Phoenician system became foundation of several
  alphabets including Greek
• Set up temporary colonies along the Mediterranean
  coasts
• The colony of Carthage became the most powerful
  in the Mediterranean

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The Lydians

• Lydians lived in Asia Minor
• Developed wealthy kingdom
• Neighboring cultures relied on system of trade
  called barterexchanging their wares for other
  goods
• Lydians established money system, using coins as
  a medium of exchange
• The concept of money soon spread

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Early IsraelitesChapter 3, Section 2

• The Israelites were an exception among the
  polytheistic cultures of the ancient world. They
  were monotheistic, or believed in one
  all-powerful God. They called him Yahweh. The
  teachings of the Israelites influenced
  Christianity and Islam

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The Land of Canaan

• The Bible traces the origins of the Israelites to
  Abraham
• Herder and trader
• Lived in Ur in Mesopotamia
• Believed God made covenant with Abraham
• Would build a great nation around him if he
  remained faithful to God

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The Land of Canaan

• Descendents of Abraham shared land with
  Phoenicians and Philistines
• Rocky hills and deserts
• Fertile plains and grassy slopes
• Many lived as nomad herding sheep and goats

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The Exodus From Egypt

• Abrahams grandson, Jacob, raised 12 sons and
  each son led a separate family group
• The 12 tribes of Israel
• Severe drought forced migration to Egypt
• They lived peacefully for several generations
  until the Egyptians decided to enslave them

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The Exodus From Egypt

• In 1200s B.C., Moses led people from Egypt
• Exodus into Sinai Desert
• During Passover, Exodus story is retold
• God renewed the covenant with Moses
• Israelites ledged to reject all gods
• Received Ten Commandments
• God promised them safe return to Canaan

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Settling the Land

• Moses died before reaching Canaan
• Joshua led Israelites into Canaan
• For 200 years, the Israelites fought the
  Philistines and Canaanites who now occupied the
  land

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The Davidic Monarchy

• Israelites united under one kingSaul
• Unable to defeat the Philistines, David became
  king
• David had once defeated Goliath
• David ruled for next 40 years
• King David set up capital in Jerusalem
• Israelites enjoyed prosperity under David

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The Davidic Monarchy

• Davids son Solomon succeeded his father
• Founded new cities and constructed magnificent
  temple in Jerusalem
• Israelites resented Solomons high taxes
• Ten tribes broke away from the other two
• Two in the north broke away from southern tribes
• Ten in the south kept the name of Judah as a
  kingdom and kept Jerusalem as the capital
• Jew comes from the term Judah

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Exile and Return

• Politically split, tribes kept same religion
• Too weak to resist invasions
• In 722 B.C., the Assyrians of Mesopotamia
  conquered the 10 tribes
• IN 586 B.C., the Chaldeans of Mesopotamia gained
  control of Judah and destroyed the temple

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Exile in Babylon

• During the difficult period, prophets arose from
  the Israelites
• Some like Jeremiah blamed the Jews for leaving
  God
• Without a temple, Jews met in small groupsthe
  rise of synagogues came from these gatherings

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Rebuilding Jerusalem

• In 539 B.C., the Persian conquered the Chaldeans
• Persian king Cyrus II allowed the Jews to return
  to Judah and rebuild the temple
• First five books of Bible were placed in Torah
• Some Jews remained in Babylon and and other went
  to other regionsthe DiasporaGreek word for
  scattered

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Lasting Legacy

• Jews saw God-directed purpose and continued to
  record their history
• Torah recorded concept that humans were made in
  the image of God
• People were accountable for what happens in the
  world

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Empire BuildersChapter 3, Section 3

• Warlike neighbors came to rule the Fertile
  Crescent

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Setting the Scene

• Terms to Define satrap
• People to Meet the Hittites, the Assyrians, the
  Chaldeans, Nebuchadnezzar, the Persians, Cyrus
  II, Darius I, Zoroaster
• Places to Locate anatolia, Babylon, Nineveh,
  Persepolis

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The Hittites

• Presumably from areas beyond the Black Sea,
  conquered Asia Minor 2000 B.C.
• Established city-states in central plain called
  Anatolia
• Custom of wearing hair in long, black pigtail
• First to Wield iron weapons

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The Hittites

• Two soldiers on a chariotfast, light, mobile,
  strong
• Conquered Babylon about 1595 B.C.
• Established less harsh legal system than
  Hammurabi

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The Assyrians

• Subject of constant attacks to their home in
  north Mesopotamia
• Built strong force and starting attacking others
• Most lethal fighting force in Middle East
• Chariots, cavalry, foot soldiers
• Used iron weapons and battering rams to knock
  down wall of foes

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The Assyrians

• Treated conquered people cruelly
• Burned cities
• Tortured and killed thousands
• Deported people to other parts of their kingdom
• Resettled other people into conquered territories

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The Assyrians

• By 650, Assyrians governed empire from Persian
  Gulf to Asia minor
• Established capital in Nineveh, along Tigris
  River
• Alliance between Chaldeans and Medes brought down
  the Assyrian empire

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The Chaldeans

• Descended from Hammurabis Babylonian empire
• Height of empire was during reign of King
  Nebuchadnezzar
• Conquered Canaan and Syria
• Built Babylon into beautiful city

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The Chaldeans

• Among seven wonders of the world, Hanging Gardens
  of Babylon
• Made for the kings wife
• Walls 50 feet high around the city
• Study of stars laid foundations of study in
  Astronomy
• Persians under Cyrus II conquered them

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The Persians

• From central Asia, leaving about 2000 B.C
• Settle between Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea
• Between Cyrus and his son, Cambyses, they brought
  all of the Middle East under Persian control

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The Persians

• Darius I was best organizer
• Reigned 522 B.C. to 486 B.C.
• Divided the realm into provincessatrapsprovincia
  l governors
• Military officials and tax collector chosen from
  the conquered people
• Inspectors made tourseyes of the king
• Believed in loyalty over fear

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The Persians

• Persian did not participate in tradetheir
  conquered people could
• Expanded network of roads for trade
• Royal road stretched more than 1500 miles across
  Persian Empire
• Stations every 14 miles

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The Persians

• Darius waged war against the Greeks
• After Darius death, his son Xerxes led disastrous
  campaign against Greeks in Greece in 480 B.C.,
  crippling the Persian empire (partly against the
  300)

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The Persians

• Followed strict code of bravery and honesty
• Taught riding, use of the bow and speaking the
  truth
• Worshiped many deities
• Prophet, Zoroaster, began speaking of a world
  divided into good and evil

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The Persians

• Zoroaster
• Humans caught up in the struggle
• Humans must choose
• Eternal life was the reward
• Written in book called Avesta
• Persian kings led by good god, Ahura Mazda

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The Persians

• Zoroasters teachings linked to glorification of
  Persian monarchy
• Zoroasters teachings on paradise, hell, and Last
  Judgment may have influenced other religions
• Persians mixed with Greek culture when Alexander
  the Great absorbed them