References and citations explained

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References and citations explained
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Learning outcomes

• You will know why correct referencing is
  essential
• You will know what citations are and when and how
  to cite in the text
• You will be able to reference some key sources of
  information including books, journal articles and
  websites
• You will have a good understanding of how to set
  out bibliographies
• You will know how to use the guides to answer
  your own referencing questions

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Why is correct referencing important?
It is a requirement of your department/school
Allows others to easily find your sources give
as much information as you can
Puts your current work into context
Helps you re-trace your reading in the future
Provides supporting evidence for facts, opinions,
data, approaches taken
Poor information sources and poor referencing
loses marks
Gives your work academic credibility
Shows the breadth of your reading
Avoid plagiarism!
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What are references and citations?
Citation
Appears in the text of your essay, wherever you
use a quote or incorporate an idea you have
picked up from another source
Reference
Appears at the end of your essay or chapter, or
sometimes at the bottom of each page, and gives
full details of the source of your information
Reference list
A list at the end of a chapter or essay giving
full details of sources cited within the essay
Bibliography
A list at the end of your essay which gives the
full details of all sources which you have read
even if they are not referred to within the text
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In-text citations

• Harvard
• In the Harvard style, you usually include the
  author's surname and the date of publication in
  brackets (Jones 2005). For each citation there
  should be a full reference at the end of your
  work, giving the full details of the source.
• JONES, A. 2005. References and citations.
  Oxford Oxford University Press.
• Numeric
• In the Numeric style, the citation is a number
  that refers the reader to a corresponding
  reference in your reference list. The first
  source cited in your work is allocated number 1
  the second is allocated number 2, and so on.
• 1. JONES, A. References and citations. Oxford
  Oxford University Press, 2005.
• 2. ADAMS, B. Referencing in academic work.
  London Sage publications, 2008.

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In-text citations activity

• Read the extract in your handout
• You are then asked five multiple choice questions
  about how this extract should be cited
• Choose whether you think answer a or b is
  correct.
• Ask me for an answer sheet when youre done
• Use the online guidance to help you
• http//library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing

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In-text citations More tips

• Tip 1 To cite a source that you have read in
  another source
• Harvard (Matthews 1998, cited in Brown 2001
  p.17).
• Numeric Matthews (5 p.17) cites Brown, who
  emphasises...

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In-text citations More tips

• Tip 2 If you are citing items from the same
  author in the same year
• Harvard They should be distinguished by adding a
  lower-case letter after the year .
• Numeric This isnt a problem as the source would
  just be allocated another number

E.g. It was emphasised that citations in a text
should be consistent (Jones 1998a). In a work
published later that year Jones (1998b) proposed
that...
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In-text citations More tips

• Tip 3 If there is no author
• Harvard (Anon 2011)
• Numeric Use Anon in your reference list
• Tip 4 If there is no date
• Harvard In-text citation (Jones no date)
  Bibliography no date
• Numeric In your reference list write no date
  where the year would normally appear

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• References in your bibliography or reference list

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Examples of Harvard and Numeric

• For comparison purposes, here is an example of a
  book referenced using the 2 methodsHarvardJONE
  S, S. and F. BROWN. 1998. Citing and referencing
  published material. 3rd ed. London British
  Institution.NumericJONES, S. and F. BROWN.
  Citing and referencing published material. 3rd
  ed. London British Institution, 1998.

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Different types of sources

• When you are reading for an assignment you may
  use a whole range of sources
• A book
• A chapter in an edited book
• A journal article
• An electronic journal article
• A website
• An email
• A map
• Now we will practise writing references for
  several of these sources

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Practical referencing activity

• Reference
• Book
• Chapter in an edited book
• Journal article
• E-journal article
• Website

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Answers the book reference

• Harvard
• ABBAS, A.K. and A.H. LICHTMAN. 2001. Basic
  immunology functions and disorders of the immune
  system. Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company.
• Numeric
• ABBAS, A.K. and A.H. LICHTMAN. Basic immunology
  functions and disorders of the immune system.
  Philadelphia W.B. Saunders Company, 2001.

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Answers the chapter reference

• Harvard
• CHASE, K. 1997. Jane Eyres interior design. In
  H. GLEN, ed. Jane Eyre. Basingstoke Macmillan,
  pp.52-67.
• Numeric
• CHASE, K. Jane Eyres interior design. In H.
  GLEN, ed. Jane Eyre. Basingstoke Macmillan,
  1997, pp.52-67.

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Answers the journal article reference

• Harvard
• TYAGI, R.K. 2004. Technological advances,
  transaction costs, and consumer welfare.
  Marketing Science. 23(3), pp.335-344.
• Numeric
• TYAGI, R.K. Technological advances, transaction
  costs, and consumer welfare. Marketing Science,
  2004, 23(3), pp.335-344.

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Answers the e-journal article reference

• Harvard
• VAHEY, D.C. et al. 2004. Measuring and improving
  health care quality nursing's contribution to
  the state of science. Nursing outlook online.
  52(1), Accessed 26 October 2004, pp.6-10.
  Available from http//0-www.sciencedirect.com.wam
  .leeds.ac.uk
• Numeric
• VAHEY, D.C. et al. Measuring and improving health
  care quality nursing's contribution to the state
  of science. Nursing outlook online, 2004,
  52(1), pp.6-10. Accessed 26 October 2004.
  Available from http//0-www.sciencedirect.com.wam
  .leeds.ac.uk

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Setting out bibliographies Harvard

• When listing your references you can either
  include
• a reference list - an alphabetical list of
  citations that have appeared in the body of your
  work if using this, you may also include
• a full bibliography - listing all the sources of
  information you have consulted in your research,
  and this list should also be arranged
  alphabetically.
• Alternatively you can just provide a full
  bibliography - check with you School regarding
  their requirements.

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Bibliography Harvard

• BELZ, F., and B. SCHMIDT-RIEDIGER. 2010. Marketin
  g strategies in the age of sustainable
  development Evidence from the food
  industry. Business Strategy and the
  Environment 19(7)
• BRENKERT, G. 2008. Marketing ethics. Malden
  Blackwell Publishing
• CAPON, N. 2007. The marketing mavens. New York
  Crown Business
•  

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Setting out bibliographies Numeric

• When listing your references you should include
• A reference list - a list of citations, in the
  order that they have appeared in your work.
  Repeated citations to the same item have the same
  number within the text as the first citation.
• A full bibliography - listing all the sources of
  information that you have consulted in your
  research including background reading. The
  references in your bibliography that you have not
  cited in your work will not have a number,
  therefore this list should be arranged
  alphabetically by author's surname.
• Check with you School regarding their
  requirements.

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For example
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To sum up

• Use the method your department wants
• Remember a citation is a reference within the
  text, a reference comes at the end of your text
• Avoid losing marks by referencing correctly and
  consistently!
• Avoid plagiarism

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Further help

• Use the referencing guidance on the Library
  referencing webpages
• http//library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing