Title: 9-11 and the War on Terrorism History, Ideology and Current Status Bob Shamy
19-11 and the War on TerrorismHistory, Ideology
and Current StatusBob Shamy
2- Islam
- - Ancient religion of 1.5
- billion people
- - Diversity of beliefs,
- practices, and politics
- - Modernists, traditionalist
- and orthodox (80-85?)
- Islamism (salafi Islam, fundamentalism) (15-20?)
- Islam must have political power and a state
- Response to European colonialism
- Reject modernism and turn to Islam
- But no unanimity about democracy
- Jihadism (salafiyya jihadiyya) (lt1?) 15 Mill.
- Extremist version of Islamism
- No gradual implementation or political process
- Only violence can recreate an idealized Islamic
state called the Caliphate
3The Prophet Muhammad
Early History
- Born 570
- Orphaned as a boy raised by his uncle Abu Talib
a merchant - Married a wealthy widow/merchant (Khadijah)
- The Message comes to him when he is about 40
years old - After overcoming his doubt and fear he begins to
preach in Mecca
Chosen by God, like the Hebrew prophets, to
preach the oneness of God, repentance, submission
to God, and a coming day of judgment
4The First Three Caliphs or Rashidin Sustain the
Salaf The Community of Islam as it was under
Muhammed
Abu Bakr 632-34
Umar 634-44
Uthman 644-656
Ali 656-661
Ali grew up with Muhammed and is revered by Sunni
Muslims as the last of the four Rightly Guided
Caliphs and an authority on the Qur'an and
Islamic Law.
Shi'a consider him the First Imam appointed by
the Prophet Muhammad and the first rightful
caliph. Ali was the cousin and son-in-law of
Muhammad. SHIA is short for ši at Ali "the party
of Ali". Shia Muslims adhere to the teachings of
the Prophet Muhammad and the religious guidance
of his family who they refer to as Ahl al-Bayt.
Ali is killed by the followers of Uthman in a
Civil War and the Umayyads rule the Caliphate.
5Significance of Karbala 680 (Husayn)
He refused to swear allegiance to Yazid, the
second Umayyad Caliph. He tried to travel from
Medina to Kufa but was surrounded by forces loyal
to Yazid in the desert at a place now known as
Karbala. Outnumbered, most of the family of
Mohammad are slaughtered.
- Muharram, first month of the Islamic
calendar. Muslims commemorate the martyrdom of
Husayn, (Imam) the grandson of the Prophet
Mohammad and spiritual leader of the Shi'a
people.
Karbala
The captive women and children of the family of
Mohammad are paraded in
chains from town to town. This contributed to the
end of Yazid's rule. The tragedy played an
enormous role in the development of Shi'a
identity. The story of Husayn and the killing of
the family of Mohammad heavily influenced the
rapid spread of Shi'a Islam.
London
Ashura, the 10th day of Muharram commemorating
the day of the massacre.
6Abbasid Dynasty 750-1258
Shifted the capital from Damascus to Baghdad.
Went into decline with the rise to power of the
Turkish army it had created, the Mamluks.
Their rule was finally ended in 1258, when Hulagu
Khan, the Mongol conqueror, sacked Baghdad. While
they continued to claim authority in religious
matters from their base in Egypt, the dynasty's
secular authority had ended.
7- The Mongol invasions did not destroy the native
Islamic faith. - The faith remained
- Mongols converted
- It was a major change in direction for the
region
Their military campaigns were brutal and their
influence on Eurasian culture was significant.
The Mongols destroyed the Islamic empires that
existed before they came and three new imperial
powers were made possible by the discovery and
exploitation of gunpowder and more efficient
administration.
8Three Muslim Empires
The Ottoman Empire (1299 to 1922 Turkish)
The Safavids (1501 to 1736 Iranian) Established
Shi'a Islam as Iran's official religion and
united its provinces under a single Iranian
sovereignty.
The Mughal Empire (1526 to 1857) Indian
subcontinent, then known as Hindustan, and parts
of what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan.
By the end of the 19th century, all three had
declined significantly, and by the early 20th
century, with the Ottomans' defeat in World War
I, the last Muslim empire dissolved.
9World War I
- The Europeans colonized much of the Ottoman
Empire in the 19th century - Completed the takeover of Arabia, Iraq,
Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria
Transformed the Middle East in ways it had not
seen for centuries.
Maps Geoffrey Gaudreault, NPR Source A History
of the Arab Peoples by Albert Hourani
T.E. Lawrence
Oxford-bred British Army officer who unites the
desert-dwelling Arabian Bedouins against the
Turks during World War I.
10Changing Middle East Map
Links to Maps of the Muslim World 661-1500
Vast Collection of Historical Maps
11The Oslo Accords 1993
The Oslo accords are the foundation on which
current peace negotiations between Israel and the
Palestinians are based.
- Negotiated secretly by Israeli and Palestinian
delegations in 1993 - Signed at a Washington ceremony hosted by U.S.
President Bill Clinton - Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat and Israeli
Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin shook hands, ending
decades as sworn enemies. - Long-term goals
- Complete withdrawal of Israeli troops from the
Gaza Strip and the West Bank, and the
Palestinians' right to self-rule in those
territories.
Oslo 2 Interim Agreement 1995 A second stage of
autonomy for the Palestinians, giving them
self-rule in the cities of Bethlehem, Jenin,
Nablus, Qalqilya, Ramallah, Tulkarm, parts of
Hebron and 450 villages, while allowing
Israeli-guarded Jewish settlements to remain.
12Philosophical Foundations of Islamist
Fundamentalism
13Ibn Taymiya 1263-1328
- Islam has given to idolatry and innovation
- Denounced Sufi practices
- First 3 generations of Islam were the best models
of Islamic life - Their Sunnah, or practice, combined with a
literal interpretation of the Queran constitute
an infallible guide to life - Heavily influenced Abd al Wahhab
14Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab 1703-1792
- Most famous scholar of the Wahhabi (Salafi) sect
- Forged a pact with the chieftain Muhammad Ibn
Saud ensuring that regions conquered by his tribe
would follow his teachings on Islam - Ibn Saud and his heirs spread this ideology for
140 years and founded Saudi Arabia - Strong influence on bin Laden, al Zawarhiri and
al Zarqawi
15Salafi Fundamentalism
- "Salafi" is an umbrella term for adherents of
a particular form of Islamic revivalism who vary
amongst themselves as to its definition, but
share a rejection of contemporary Islamic
teachings in favor of a return to the Salaf, as
Islam was practiced during the first three
generations of Muslims.
16Hasan al-Banna 1906-1949
- A Sufi revivalist and thinker
- Founded the Muslim Brotherhood as a reaction to
British occupation of Egypt - Focused on organizing followers rather than
calling people to follow the way of the prophet - Promoted innovation and interpretation of the
Queran - Muslim Brotherhood becomes actively involved in
Egyptian politics in the 30s
Confronts Egyptian politicians and involved in
assassinations Disbanded in 1948 by Egyptian
Govt. Many go to Saudi Arabia to study Becomes
clandestine and lays the foundations for al-Qaeda
Innovation and Secrecy Today its outreach is
world wide and politically connected
17Sayyid Qutb 1906-1966
- Egyptian member of the Muslim Brotherhood
- US visit early 1948-50s shocks him Racism and
openness between the sexes - Involved in assassination attempts in Egypt
- Imprisoned writes Milestones. Extreme
expressions of Islamic revivalism - Call for Islamic militancy and a vanguard of
true believers to lead the way in jihad against
unbelievers
- Western civilization is unable to present any
healthy values for the guidance of mankindIt
creates values and legislates rules for
collective behaviorIslam is the only system
which possesses these values and this way of
life - Hanged in 1966 by the Egyptian Government
18 Abdullah Yusuf Azzam, Ph.D. (19411989)
- Azzam galvanized the Muslim masses to wage an
international holy war against all infidels and
non-believers until the enemies of Islam were
defeated.
- Built a scholarly, ideological and practical
paramilitary infrastructure for the globalization
of Islamist movements that had previously focused
on separate national, revolutionary and
liberation struggles. - His global jihad and organized approach to
recruitment and training of Muslim militants from
around the world developed during the Afghan war
against Soviet occupation.
The love jihad (Holy War) took over my life, my
soul, my sensations, my heart and my emotions.
If preparing for jihad is terrorism, then we
are terrorists.
His strategies led to the development of the
al-Qaida militant movement.
19Basic ideology of jihadism
- Distorted definitions of jihad and tawhid
(Monotheism) - Believe that only they are the true believers
(the saved sect) all others are merely Muslims
The Narrative of the Global Salafi Islamist
Western Society and the Zionist want to destroy
Islam..
Therefore war against them and their puppets is
justified
An Islamic state is necessary not only to
implement Islamic law correctly, it will also
wage eternal war with the unbelievers
20Contrasting definitions between Islam and jihadism
TAWHID THE ONENESS OR UNITY OF ALLAH
- Islam
- There is only one God
- Only he has the right to be worshiped
- - Anyone who worships another god is sinning and
after death, he will be judged by God.
- Jihadism
- There is only one God
- Only he has the right to be worshiped and obeyed
- - Anyone who obeys the laws created by a
human being is committing idolatry and must be
killed.
21Egyptian Islamic JihadKilling the apostate
ruler Sadat
22Jamaah Islamiyah Tourists as occupiers and
polluters
On December 24, 2000, a series of explosions took
place in Indonesia, which were part of a
high-scale terrorist attack by the Al Qaeda and
Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist networks. The attack
involved a series of coordinated bombings of
churches in Jakarta and eight other cities.
23al-QaidaThe US as the greater unbelief
24Why 9/11?
- Strike a stunning blow to the US to
- Convince US to leave all Islamic lands
- Convince all other Muslims to join al-Qaidas
war with the US and the apostate puppets - Without the support of the US, its apostate
puppets would soon fall to the energized jihadist
movement
25Who Were/Are the Terrorists and What is their
Current Status?
Khadafi Abubakar Janjala-Philippine
Anas Al-Sabai
Libyan
Jaber A. Elbaneh Yemeni
Ramadan Shallah
Palestinian
Ali Saed Bin Ali Al Houri-Saudi
Abdul Rahman Yasin American
Fazul Abdullah Mohammed-Kenya
Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah-Egyptian
Ali Atwa-Lebanese
25
- Adapted from Understanding Terror Networks by
Marc Sageman
26TerrorismIntelligence Community Definition
- Premeditated Violence, or Threat of Violence
- Politically Motivated
- Against Non-Combatants
- A Criminal Act
- Symbolic In Nature
- Intended to Impact Audience Beyond the Immediate
Victims
Perpetrated by sub national groups or clandestine
state agents
The Psycho-cultural Foundations of Contemporary
Terrorism Jerrold Post, GW University
27Evolution of al Qaeda
Three processes of self-selection of the most
militants
- 1988-9 Militants come to fight the anti-Soviet
jihad could not go home stayed behind and
formed al Qaeda - 1991-2 Most militants expelled
from Pakistan went to Sudan - Switch of strategy
from near enemy to far enemy 1996 150
militants expelled from Sudan returned to
Afghanistan
1996-2001 Golden age of al Qaeda
- - Control of Golden Chain exclusive funding
for terrorism - - Control of training camps establishment of
shelter - - Staff for planning coordination
- - Afghanistan, as failed state, has little
ability to control al Qaeda
28AYMAN AL-ZAWAHIRI
USAMA BIN LADEN
al-Qaeda 1983 Hezbollah Bombs US Marine
Barracks 1992 Aden/Yemen Hotels 1993 World
Trade Center 1996 Khobar Towers in Saudi
Arabia 1998 US Embassy Bombings in Africa 2000
U.S.S. Cole in Yemen 2001 World Trade Center
http//www.fbi.gov/wanted/terrorists/fugitives.htm
29Present Statushttp//www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/f
to/2801.htm
- Four types of networks existing in parallel
- The old al Qaeda organization
- Effectively neutralized (sanctuary denial,
monitored) - Resurrection in West Pakistan/East
Afghanistan/Somalia - The organized affiliated groups, now more
autonomous - Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)Abu Nidal
Organization (ANO) - Armed Islamic Group (GIA)Aum
ShinriykyoBasque Fatherland and Liberty
(ETA)Gama'a al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group,
IG)HAMAS (Islamic Resistance Movement)Harakat
ul-Mujahidin (HUM)Hizballah (Party of
God)Japanese Red Army (JRA)al-JihadKachKahane
Chai - 3. Unaffiliated informal groups
- Madrid group Salafia Jihadia (Morocco)
Hofstad group Benchellali group
(Algerian/Ricen) London groups Khan al-Khalili
and Taba resorts (Egypt) Istanbul group - 4. Singletons
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)Liberation Tigers
of Tamil Elam (LTTE)Mujahedin-e Khalq
Organization (MEK, MKO, NCR, and many
others)National Liberation Army (ELN)Palestine
Islamic Jihad-Shaqaqi Faction (PIJ)Palestine
Liberation Front-Abu Abbas Faction (PLF)Popular
Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)
29
30Global Salafi Jihad on the World Wide Web
- Forces migration of the Jihad to the Internet
- Internet interactive transformation of the
jihad Diffusion of Salafi message, by passing
traditional imams - Rejection of traditions fosters unique
interpretation of the Quran - No need for leaders or training camps
- Inversion of power pyramid followers are in
control
31Diaspora
- Global Salafi Jihad is a Diaspora phenomenon
- 84 of Global Salafi Mujahedin have joined the
jihad, while living in a another country (87 in
Western Europe)
The Muslim Brotherhood
Since the early 1960s, Muslim Brotherhood members
and sympathizers have moved to Europe and slowly
but steadily established a wide and
well-organized network of mosques, charities and
Islamic organizations. Its motto is telling
"Allah is our objective. The Prophet is our
leader. The Qur'an is our law. Jihad is our way.
Dying in the way of Allah is our highest hope."
32Trajectory Core Arabs
- Upwardly geographically
- mobile (best brightest)
- Mostly from religious, caring
- middle class families
- Global citizens, conversant
- in 3 or 4 languages, skilled in
- computer technology
- Separated from traditional bonds culture
- Homesick, lonely, marginalized excluded from
society - Seek friends
- Drifted to mosques for companionship, not
religion - Moved in together (halal food), formed cliques
HATE THE HYPOCRACY OF THE ROYAL FAMILIES
33Saudi Prince bin Talals private Airbus. Most
expensive ever built.
Saudi Prince Bandar bin Sultans 150 mil fixer
upper in Aspen, CO
The family home of Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al
Nahyan, the former president of the United Arab
Emirates and ruler of Abu-Dhabi
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39The Closed Society
- Ethnic/Race/Class Exploitation
- The aim of a closed society is to ensure the
supremacy of one class (or race or group) over
another - To bridge the gap, an elaborate set of
explanations and ideas are needed which is, by
definition, at variance with the facts
SEGREGATION, APARTHIED, ETC.
40European Social Conditions
- Alienated young Muslims, who became radicalized
in Europe - Lack of alternative expression of social protest.
I.e Communist
- Failure of European integration policy for
Muslim populations - - Rapid immigration growth post WWII
- - Vulnerable to economic crises
- Rigid social structure in Europe
- - Lack of bottom up integration
- - Failure of top down policy No American
Dream - No American Dream
41An Ideological War
- This is a war of ideas. We need idea based
solutions against fuzzy idea-based networks - The Threat Violent Islamist revivalist social
movement - Common element is idea (global Salafi jihad)
- Loose network with fuzzy boundaries
- Self organized, bottom up, local initiative,
uncoordinated - No fixed number of terrorists
- Number fluctuates according to local grievance
international situation - Changing Leadership
42Afghanistan Pakistan Taliban and al Qaeda
43Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan
44Pahtunwali The Code of Pashtun Social Structure
45Buzkashi
Then
Now
The Role of Tradition?
Do Our Students Understand the Importance of
Tradition in Cultural Relationships?
This is one of the many questions that arise in
relation to teaching students about the current
crises.