Diesel: Gasoline

1
Diesel Gasolines Dirty Cousin?

• Or the Little Engine that Keeps American Power
  Reliable
• By Michael D. Mankowski

2
How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(1)

• Diesel is a petroleum-based fuel with a higher
  energy content than gasoline.
• contains about 30 more energy per gallon as
  compared to gasoline.
• Diesel is a safer fuel than gasoline or other
  alternatives.
• less flammable and explosive than gasoline due to
  lower combustibility.

3
How is Diesel Different from Gasoline?(2)

• Diesel is Cheaper than Gasoline
• Current Cost of a Gallon of Gasoline and Diesel
• Gasoline 1.78
• Diesel 1.65

4
How a Diesel Engine Works
5
Compression Instead of Spark

• Diesel engines ignite fuel with compression
• The piston stroke in a diesel engine results in a
  compression of the fuel air mixture so intense
  that it combusts spontaneously.
• Gasoline engines ignite fuel with spark plugs
• Gasoline engines inject fuel during the intake
  stroke, Diesel during the Compression Stroke.

6
Three Ways of Injecting Fuel

1. Crankshaft Driven Fuel Pump
2. Common-rail Fuel Injection
3. Unit Injection

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Crankshaft Driven Fuel Pump

• A fuel distribution pump geared to the
  crankshaft to sends a pulse of pressurized fuel
  down a dedicated pipe to each cylinder at a
  predetermined point in the compression stroke.

8
Common-rail Fuel Injection(1)

• Uses a pump to deliver pressurized fuel to all
  the injectors and than relies on electronically
  controlled valves at each injector to open as
  needed.
• Used on most modern Diesel Engines

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Common-rail Fuel Injection(1)
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Unit Injection

• Delivers low-pressure fuel to each cylinder and
  relies on the injector to generate its own
  pressure mechanically.
• Most heavy-duty diesels use unit injectors, which
  can be equipped with an electronic control valve
  to regulate the amount and timing of the
  injection.

11
Misconceptions About Diesel

• Its Dirty
• It Causes a lot of Pollution
• It has Limited Uses

12
Benefits of Diesel

• A well maintained diesel engine usually emits
  lower levels of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
  carbon dioxide than gasoline engines.
• Better fuel economy,
• Increased durability for longer engine life.

13
Problems with Old Diesel Technologies

• High Sulfur Content of Fuel
• High NOx Emissions
• High Particulate Matter Emissions
• The Black Smoke everyone sees
• Noisy Engines

14
Sulfur Content

• Diesel fuel available in the U.S. currently
  contains from 340 ppm of sulfur to 140 ppm in
  California.
• European Standards are much lower
• As low as 10 ppm in Germany and Sweden

15
NOx Emissions

• High cylinder pressure and temperature with
  excessive air is the recipe for making NOx
• Because of excess air in diesel engines, current
  catalytic cant scrub out NOx

16
Particulate Matter

• Unburned fuel in the compression ignition process
  becomes soot, a pervasive form of particulate
  matter.

17
Clean Diesel

• Clean diesel is an evolutionary systems-based
  process that combines advancements in diesel
  engines, cleaner burning fuels and emissions
  control system, all working and optimized
  together.

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What Makes Diesel Clean?

• The Three Pillars of Clean Diesel Technology
• cleaner-burning fuels
• state-of-the-art engines
• effective emissions-control systems

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Cleaner Burning Fuels

• The newest in diesel fuels is called Ultra-low
  Sulfur Diesel (ULSD)
• Ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel is a specially
  refined diesel fuel that has dramatically lower
  sulfur content than regular diesel and can be
  used in any diesel engine just like regular
  diesel fuel.
• Today, the sulfur content of ULSD ranges from 15
  to 30 parts per million. Regular diesel has a
  maximum of 500 parts per million of sulfur.

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How Does ULSD Help?

• Reduces sulfate emissions
• Allows the use of particulate traps and catalytic
  converters
• Lowers engine maintenance costs
• Easy to convert to
• No retrofitting required
• Only costs a few cents more

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State of the Art Engines

• New Engine Technologies
• Electronic Controls
• Common-rail Fuel Injection
• Variable Injection Timing
• Improved Combustion Chamber Configuration
• Turbocharging

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New Pollution Controls

• Particulate Traps
• Oxidation Catalysts

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So What does all of this Have to do with
Reliability?

• Better diesel technology means greater efficiency
• Efficient diesel technology is required in order
  to comply with upcoming environmental legislation
• America wouldnt be able to function without
  diesel

24
Diesel is an Integral Part of America

• Diesel is used in many different industries
• Transportation
• Shipping
• Agriculture
• Mining
• Energy Production
• Safety
• Homeland Security
• Defense

25
Electrical System

• Almost all of these industries play a part in
  making sure that the electrical system in the
  U.S. stays intact
• Power plants cant produce power without fuel,
  and most of that fuel is produced and move by
  diesel
• Diesel also plays an integral part in providing
  power when disaster strikes, or the major
  electrical systems fail

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How Diesel Effects Reliability

• Backup Generators
• Equipment
• Transportation
• Shipping

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Backup Generators(1)

• Many Sources use Diesel Generators for Backup
  power
• Hospitals
• Nuclear Plants
• Public Utilities
• Food Storage

28
Backup Generators(2)

• Diesel generators kick on within seconds,
  providing immediate, full strength power when it
  is needed most

29
Equipment

• Most of the nonroad equipment used in the United
  States is powered by Diesel
• Snow plows
• Mining Machinery
• U.S. Military Vehicles
• Emergency Response Vehicles

30
Public Transportation

• In 1998, 95 of the nations full-sized transit
  buses were powered by diesel
• Close to 60 of Americas elementary and
  secondary schools used diesel to power the buses
  that take children to school everyday

31
Shipping

• 94 of all goods shipped in the U.S. are shipped
  using diesel power
• Diesel dominates the trucking, railroad, boat and
  barge industries

32
Legal Framework for Diesel

• Legislation heavily influences the use of diesel
• Upcoming legislation could eliminate diesel use
  if it werent for ongoing technological
  development and improvement

33
New Engines

• Engine manufacturers have been subject to
  nationwide, federally-enforceable air pollution
  standards under the Clean Air Act since 1970
• In 1970, the CAA mandated 90 reductions for
  levels of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons
  (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (N0x) in light-duty
  vehicles by 1976.
• In 1977, further amendments to the CAA mandated a
  90 reduction in CO and HC for heavy-duty
  vehicles by 1984, and a 75 reduction in NOx by
  1985.

34
New Engines (2)

• In 1990, further amendments to the CAA were
  established and EPA recently enacted regulations
  that will reduce NOx and non-methane hydrocarbons
  (NMHC) emissions from heavy-duty diesel engines
  by over 50 from 1998 levels.
• These standards dramatically reduced the amount
  of emissions form diesel engines, but tougher
  standards are on the way.

35
Regulation of New Engines and Fuels (1)

• In 2001, EPA created a new rule
• Control of Air Pollution From New Motor Vehicles
  Heavy-Duty Engine and Vehicle Standards and
  Highway Diesel Fuel Sulfur Control Requirements
• This rule controls both new diesel engines and
  the sulfur content of diesel fuels

36
Regulation of New Engines and Fuels (2)

• New Standards for Particulate Matter and NOx
• 90 reduction of current standard for PM
• 95 reduction for NOx
• 97 reduction of Sulfur content
• It sets new standards that will go into effect in
  model year 2007 for the trucks and mid 2006 for
  the fuel

37
Durability and Maintenance

• EPAs 1997 rulemaking for enhanced emission
  standards for heavy-duty diesels included several
  provisions to enhance durability requirements for
  emissions performance.
• Increased useful life mileage from 290,000 to
  435,000.
• Enhanced Inspection and Maintenance requirements.
  
• Enhanced emissions defect and performance
  warranties.

38
Regulation of Existing Engines

• In 1994, EPA established a stringent three-tiered
  emissions reduction scheme that subjects all
  non-road engines - regardless of size -- to
  progressively more stringent emission standards
  and will radically reduce emissions from non-road
  engines by more than 70 in many cases.
• Tier 2 and Tier 3 standards, which include large
  diesel engines, were made more stringent in 1998
• NOx and Particulate Matter emission standards
  were reduced up to 2/3rds for some applications

39
Conclusion(1)

• Diesel should continue to be developed because it
  is important to most of the industries in the
  U.S.
• Much progress has been made in making diesel a
  more efficient and clean fuel choice.
• Most of the problems associated with diesel in
  decades passed have been eliminated or reduced
• The diesel engines of today are cleaner, more
  efficient, and more powerful than the ones built
  even ten years ago