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• This PowerPoint presentation is owned by the
  students who created it and is posted here for
  example purposes only.
• -GC team

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Fishing Industryseffects onCoral Reefs

• Global Change 1 Term Project
• Kristin Thomas, Riley OHara, Sarah Barjum

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Coral Reefs

• One of most diverse eco-systems on earth, home to
  over one million species  
• Hundreds of years to grow into complex ecosystems
  like the ones we have today
• Human interaction with coral reefs is causing
  them to be destroyed at such a high rate that
  already 10 of coral reef habitat has been
  destroyed
• Within the next 20 40 years up to 60  will be
  destroyed even further

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Fishing Industries

• Fishing remains as one of the top threats to
  coral reefs
• The majority of the demands for Reef fish are
  through the aquarium and food industries
• In 1998, the whole sale value for the fish food
  market was approximately 830 million dollars
• The fishing industry is placing large amounts of
  pressure on the survival of coral reefs and their
  entire ecosystem.

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Research Question

• How much damage do fishing industries do to
  coral reefs and what are the implications of this
  damage?

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Hypothesis

• Fishing is doing heavy damage to coral reefs.
  This damage will negatively affect the fishing
  industry as well as the food chain of the
  ecosystem in general.

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Method

• Compiled studies on ways coral reefs are
  destroyed and how this destruction effects the
  ecosystem its self and human populations that
  depend on this ecosystem
• Using researched information, we constructed a
  model representing fishing's effect on coral
  reefs destruction rate.

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Results

• Destructive fishing
• Blast fishing
• cyanide fishing
• Effects
• biodiversity
• economy
• Protective measures
• MPA
• Conservancy organizations

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Blast Fishing

• This involves the use of a bomb set to explode
  under water in a coral reef ecosystem
• When the bomb detonates, it kills or stuns the
  majority of fish within its radius and the dead
  or stunned fish float to the surface, were they
  can be easily caught
• commonly used in over 30 countries and has caused
  major damage and loss of Coral Reef Ecosystems,
  including over 50 of reefs in Southeast Asia
• Shatters the reef structure
• It takes an estimated 100 106 years of recovery

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Cyanide Fishing

• Poisoning fish till they become stunned and
  therefore easy to catch
• Crushing sodium cyanide, mixing the substance
  with salt water and storing it in bottles where
  it can later be brought underwater to reefs and
  squired into reef fishs habitat
• Commonly used for capturing fish for the aquarium
  industry
• Sodium Cyanide is poison to coral polyps,
  resulting in coral bleaching
• Threat to surrounding marine life.

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Biodiversity Effects

• 20 less coral in reefs not protected versus
  protected.
• Six times as many sea urchins in unprotected
  reefs.
• Population densities of 27 out of 134 species
  sampled significantly lower in unprotected reefs.
• Damselfish and wrasse more abundant in
  unprotected reefs.

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Economic Effects

• Coral reefs secure the livelihood of over one
  million fishermen.
• Fishing from reefs contributes up to 70 of total
  fish harvest.
• Estimated loss in fish catches from damaged reef
  versus healthy about US 192,000 over ten years.
• Over ten years healthy reef can yield 200 tons of
  fish, damaged only 72 tons.
• Reef could potentially bring in US20,000-55,000
  from local fish consumption and exporting live
  fish
• Apo spent US75,000 to protect reef bringing in
  US31,900-113,000 from both fishing and tourism.

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Models
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Model Results

• RILEY CAN U PUT IN HERE THE GRAPHS THAT WE FOUND
  AND I WILL EXPLAIN THEM

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What can be done?

• MPAs
• Promotion of responsible fishery management and
  habitat protection
• Over 400 in 65 countries
• Conservation Programs
• The Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP)
• The National Ocean Services (NOS)
• Office of Response and Restoration (ORR) works
  with oil spills and makes environmental
  sensitivity index maps for coral ecosystem.
• Researching coral reefs diseases and other
  health issues, supporting grants for
  on-the-ground coral reef conservation activities,
  protection from ship pollution

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Conclusion

• Many methods of destructive fishing on reefs.
• Destructive fishing damages coral, lowers
  biodiversity.
• Destruction of reefs fishermen rely on has
  negative economic implications.
• Protective agencies implemented to combat reef
  destruction
• Hypothesis was correct

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RememberSAVE THE CORALS
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Work Cited

• Eco-Reefs. Blast Fishing and Coral Reef Damage.
  2004. http//www.ecoreefs.com/damage.php (2
  December 2006)
• World Wild Life. Corals. 2006.
  lthttp//worldwildlife.org/coral/gt (2 December
  2006)
• Peter Denton. Coral Reef Destruction Threatens
  Caribbean Countries. 2004. lthttp//newsroom.wri.o
  rg/wrifeatures_text.cfm?ContentID3117gt (2
  December 2006).
• NOAAs National Ocean Service. Marine Protected
  Areas. 2006. http//oceanservice.noaa.gov/ (30
  November 2006).
• World Reasources Institute. Reefs and Marine
  Protected Areas. 2006. http//www.nature.org/ (2
  December 2006).
• Alan T. White, Helge P. Vogt, and Tijen Arin.
  2000. Philippine Coral Reefs Under Threat the
  Economic Losses Cause by Reef Destruction. Marine
  Pollution Bulletin. 40 598-605.
• T. R. McClanahan, N. A. Muthiga, A. T. Kamukuru,
  H. Machano, and R. W. Kiambo. 1998. The effects
  of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of
  northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation. 89
  161-182.
• Lewis Stone. 1995. Proceedings Biological
  Sciences, Vol. 261, No. 1362. pp. 381-388.
• Roy Caldwell, Helene Fox. 2006. RECOVERY FROM
  BLAST FISHING ON CORAL REEFS A TALE OF TWO
  SCALES. Ecological Applications Vol. 16, No. 5,
  pp. 16311635.
• Karen K. W. MAK, Hideshi YANASE, and Reinhard
  RENNEBERG. 2005. Cyanide fishing and cyanide
  detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests
  and biosensors. Biosensors bioelectronics.
  Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 2581-2593.
• P. Christie, A. White , and E. Deguit. 2002.
  Starting point or solution? Community-based
  marine protected areas in the Philippines.
  JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Vol. 66, No.
  4, pp. 441-454.
• H.E. Fox, P.J. Mous, J.S. Pet, A.H. Muljadi, R.L.
  Caldwell. 2005. Experimental assessment of coral
  reef rehabilitation following blast fishing.
  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 98-107.

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Work Cited

• Pictures Provided By
• The Coral Reef Gallery. Sea Gallery. 1997.
  http//www.divegallery.com/ (2 December 2006).
• The Nature Conservancy. Coral Reefs of the
  Tropics Pictures of Coral Reefs. 2006.
  http//www.nature.org/ (2 December 2006).