Attack on Pearl Harbor

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Attack on Pearl Harbor!

• Domestic Consequences

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Anger, shock, and fear!
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What is to stop Japan from attacking the mainland?
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Times have changeddont you think?
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Live on the West Coast?This is reality.
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Ousterhow?
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War Relocation Authority

• FDR created the War Relocation Authorityhelp
  those moving into war communities.
• Some of the evacuated people relocated inland
  (8,000 in March).
• Most could not (resources, a plan, hostility).
• End of Marchvoluntary evacuation ends.

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Relocation Centers

• Two Purposes
• Provide communities where evacuees could live
  until they gradually re-entered American life.
• Serve as wartime homes for those unable to
  relocate on their own.

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Believe it or not

• The purpose of the program is to restore evacuees
  back to normal American life.

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Relocation Programs

• Background
• Spring and Summer of 1942 one of the largest
  controlled migrations in history.
• 110,000 people of Japanese descent were relocated
  into 10 wartime communities.
• Invasion of West Coast was imminent!

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Remember who attacked

• He attacked you!

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Logistics
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What was left behind?

• 200,000,000 Commercial and personal property.
• Quick sales meant heavy losses for people being
  relocated.
• Most property was placed in storagethink about
  the possible theft and mistakes.

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Support for internment

• MAGIC codes suggested a substantial spy network.
• Encrypted messages revealed attempts at
  recruitment.
• Todays supporters 20,000 japanese americans
  joined Japanese army.
• Tomoya kawakita An american citizen involved in
  Bataan Death March.

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Criticisms of internment

• The Constitution
• Habeas Corpus Know why you are being held.
• Fifth Amendment No person shall be deprived of
  life, liberty, and property without due process
  of law
• Monetary damages.
• 1941 loyalty report.

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Will you serve?

• 94 of military-aged males said they would not
  serve in the U.S. Armed Forces.
• However, many volunteers joined the 442nd
  Regimental Combat Team.most highly decorated
  unit in U.S. military history.

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Men who served in the 442nd
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Interesting wall
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Nisei and isseiwho are they?

• Issei First generation Japanese immigrants.
• Nisei Second generation Japanese americans.

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Evacuated People

• 2/3rds were American citizens (born and educated
  in U.S.).
• Nearly all aliens had lived in U.S. for at least
  two decades.
• Never found guiltyevidence shows great majority
  to be completely loyal.

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Then why relocate???

• These are people with Japanese ancestry.
• The West Coast is a potential combat zone.
• And remember

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The wounds from Pearl Harbor are still fresh
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Wartime community
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Life in Wartime Communities

• Physical standardsbare subsistence level.
• Family of 5 or 6single room 25 by 20 feet.
• Single dormitories.
• Up to 250 people share one bath, laundry, toilet
  building.

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Food and Activities?

• Meals 45 cents per person per day.
• Government land and resources provided large
  share of food.
• Medical care hospital, dental care, etc.
• Small businesses, education, security officers,
  religious opportunities, and recreation.

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Moving out?Not that easy.

• Requirements must be met
• Behavior record is checked.
• Community must welcome evacuee. No hostility.
• Definite place to go and means of support.
• Keep WRA informed of any changes (job, address).

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Significance of this picture?
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Images like this will influence future action
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What did the supreme court say?

• Yasui v. U.S. (1943) and Hirabayashi v. U.S.
  (1943) Curfews based on Japanese ancestry were
  constitutional.
• Korematsu vs. U.S. (1944) Wartime actions were
  constitutional Connection to War on Terror?

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Future presidents react

• Gerald Ford (1976) Proclaimed the evacuation
  was wrong.
• Jimmy Carter (1980) Congress established a
  commission to study the matter.
• Ronald Reagan (1988) Signed the Civil Liberties
  Act of 1988. 20,000 for each surviving
  detainee.
• George H.W. Bush (1992) CLA was amended and
  formal apology.