Lecture 42 History of Gardens: Naturalism and the Eastern Tradition

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Lecture 42 History of GardensNaturalism and
the Eastern Tradition
Naturalism is the attempt to live with, rather
than to dominate, nature Naturalism strives for
the appearance of a happy accident of
nature. Method to achieve this are as artificial
as in formalism
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China Antithesis of Egyptian gardens Chinese
lovers of natural scenery abundant in
China Gardens developed into romantic, ideal
landscapes Natural Elements Rocks, weathered
wood, water Deer parks Pavilions (tent like
buildings, from the word for butterfly)
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Idealized Chinese Landscape, 16th century
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Japan Japanese gardens arose from
Chinese culture via Korea Developed into an
abstract art form One of the fine arts of
Japan Traditional Chinese elements but organized
in a new form emphasizing symbolism In 10th
century influenced by Zen, religious and
philosophical movement Great use of wood, stone,
and sand (sand often raked into patterns) Love
of aged, deformed trees Use of moss and native
plants
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Naturalistic gardens
Kyoto, Japan
Kinkakiyi Golden Pavilion
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Kinkakiyi Golden Pavilion
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Kinkakiyi Golden Pavilion
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Waterfall, Kinkakiyi
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Backyard
Kyoto street
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Silk shop
Backyard
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Kyoto
Ikibana Shrine
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Ikibana Shrine
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Ikebana Flower arrangement based on symbolic
use of flowers Sakai Miniatures
landscapes Bonsai Miniature tree specimens
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Ikibana Shrine
Scroll of floral arrangement
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Ikibana Shrine
Origin of Ikibana
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Ryoanji Temple, Kyoto, Japan
Rock garden
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Ryoanji Temple, Kyoto, Japan
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Moss garden
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Moss garden
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Heian Shrine garden
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Old Imperial Palace
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Nara
Kasuga Shrine
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Near Kasuga Shrine
Near Kasuga Shrine, Nara
Lanterns at Kasuga Shrine
Deer Park, Nara
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Bonsai
Bonsai class, Kamakura
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Apple Bonsai, Kamakura
Oak Bonsai, Kamakura
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Bonsai collection, Kamakura
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Bonsai expert
Sakai, miniature landscape
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Zoo-park at Natural History Park, Izu
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Modern Japanese Architecture
Hemisphere, Izu
Entrance to Hemisphere Greenhouse of Prof.
Kondo, Iza
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Pyramid greenhouse atNatural History Park, Izu
Enoshima tower, Kamakura lighthouse
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Japanese garden, Chicago Botanical garden
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Bambouseraie de Prafrance, Anduze, France
Reconstructed house on stilts
Allée dentrée
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English Gardens Fusion of Formalism and
naturalism Mild, marine climate permits great
variety of plants Long springs and mild winters
despite northern location (?50?N)
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Up to 1750s gardens laid out according to
esthetics which saw beauty only in
symmetry Geometric patterns made by circular
pools and intersecting straight lines of
avenues, allées, terraces, hedges Lancelot
Capability Brown changed formalism Into more
natural landscape Asymmetrical arrangements of
sinuous curves Trees planted in loosely scattered
informal groups
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England
Kew gardens
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The Blenheim water parterre, laid out by Achille
Buchene for the ninth Duke of Marlborough,
closely resembles the design for the parterre
deau at VersaillesAfter raising the
surrounding water level and enlarging the lake
in the 1760s, Capability Brown had left this
western side of the palace as a green lawnSo
it remained until 1925,
when Dushene set out the two terraces and
designed the curving water basins and scrolled
patterns of low box hedging set in gravel
panelsFountain jets give vertical emphasis and
enliven the smooth water surfaceThe parterre is
on a vast scale and was designed to be admired
from the windows above
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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Rene Pechere designed the Labyrinth Garden near
the Garden of HeartsOn an unpromising sloping
site, Pechere carved out the winding labyrinth
using more that 300 yewsThe complex pattern,
which represents Alice van Buurens
idealization of the Song of Solomon, is
enhanced by sculptures set in circles of yewThe
cedar tree, situated to one side, is the central
goalTo reach it the path winds and twists for
190 metres (620 feet) provided no wrong turns
are taken
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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At Barnsley House Rosemary Verey, the
knowledgeable gardener and garden historian,
has made a garden which reflects the
architectural period of the late 17th-century
houseThe gardens, as they have developed over
the last twenty years, are strongly structured,
with an overall pattern of straight lines, cross
axes and focal points, richly disguised
by luxuriant and interesting plantingMrs Verey
also has a fine library of antiquarian garden
books and the knot garden, about 5 x 8 metres
(17 x 26 ft) in size, was adapted from a plan in
a pattern book of the early 17th centuryThe
lines of the design, which is set in pale
gravel, are marked out in box and germander
(Teucrium chamaedrys)Domes of evergreen
Phillyrea angustifolia and variegated box, with
double domes of holly at the corner, give height
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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In the 1960s at Cranborne Manor, Lady Salisbury
laid out a Tudor knot garden on a flat area of
lawn, sheltered by tall lime treesIn it she
planted not only culinary and medicinal herbs
but small tulips, violas
and pinks which would have been known in the
17th centuryDiamond and square-shaped beds, all
edged with low box, are arranged around a
central circular bedDomes, spirals and pyramids
of box make vertical accentsThe free planting
style used to fill the geometric shapes gives a
charmingly informal air to the structured layout
of this garden
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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Arcades cut through tall hornbeam hedging
accentuate the architectural quality of this
garden, La Mormaire, near Paris Apart from the
pool, the architecture is all living the
hornbeam and yew hedges, the yew pillars in
square bases and other topiary shapes, low box
hedging and an
Italian poplar give marvelous contrasts of
texture and scale and frame the lawns,
flowerbeds and waterHedging gives protection
from wind and establishes the garden framework,
which is complemented by simple furnishing
colour and plant themes are kept in separate
areas, and planting is in broad masses
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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A narrow fruit pergola, constructed with simple
wooden laths bent to make arches, is 17th
century in inspiration, and is reminiscent of
the ornamental treillage in vogue thenSome
versions of it were used as screens to link
buildings with the gardenHere, at New Place,
Oxfordshire, the long trellis tunnel with its
tall sides and narrow walking space is intended
to convey a sense of distance
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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At The Grove in rural Oxfordshire, a narrow
rustic pergola stretches for nearly 100 metres
(over 300 ft)Planted only with the rambling rose
American Pillar which bears wide clustered
flowers of vivid pink, it is a magnificent sight
in early JulyFor the rest of the year the
pergola, designed by the owner, Mr David Hicks,
provides a decorative feature to complement the
gardens many hedges and pleached trees.
Source Garden Style, Penelope Hobhouse, 1988
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At the Priory, Kemerton, Gloucestershire, a
double border, hidden from immediate view, is
filled with flowering shrubs and low-growing
perennials which flow over the edges of the
central paving stones, uniting the two beds
which are actually designed as one borderThe
central well of closely packed plants is backed
by tall shrubs which give structure and
increase the feeling of seclusion
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At the Chateau du Pontrancart in Normandy,
perennial sedums, blue-purple centaureas and
white- flowered valerian are a foil to the hot
colours of scarlet dahlias, yellow zinnias and
orange-red Cosmos, which are planted to make an
impact in a separate garden area
From a distance these glowing colours blend in
the eye like a tapestry rather than keeping
their distinct huesWhen laying out a border or
bed, groups of annuals and tender bedding plants
are added each summer until the more permanent
plants grow together
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Portugal
Sculptured Hedge, Braga
Parque Eduardo VII, Lisbon
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Canada
Stratford, Ontario
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Bambouseraie de Prafrance,Anduze, France
Ginkgo biloba
Point deau
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Introduction of Romanticism and Kitsch
Fake ruins Wishing wells Herbaceous
borders Bridges Curved walks Artificial plants
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Romanticism
Poland
Arkadia fake ruins
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Modern Gardens Artistic expression through
combination of many art forms Meaningful design
for living Uses formal and natural
concepts Interiorscapes use of plants within
environmentally controlled structures such as
malls and arcades Golf courses Theme parks
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20th Century Gardens Theme Parks
Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen
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Interiorscape
Roof garden, Atlanta
Parking garage, Brazil
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