By: Joel and Whitney

1
Chapter 27

• By Joel and Whitney

2
The Urban Frontier

• From 1870 to 1900, the American population
  doubled, city population tripled.
• Cities expanded. Famous architects like Louis
  Sullivan perfected skyscrapers (first appearing
  in Chicago in 1885).
• Department stores like Macys (in New York) and
  Marshall Fields (in Chicago) provided urban
  working-class jobs and attracted urban
  middle-class shoppers.
• Crime increased in cities and impure water,
  uncollected garbage, unwashed bodies, and
  droppings made cities smelly and unsanitary.
• Wealthy city-dwellers fled to suburbs in order to
  escape the city.

3
The New Immigration

• Until the 1880s, most immigrants came from the
  British Isles and western Europe (mostly from
  Germany and Scandinavia). These immigrants were
  literate and accustomed to some type of
  representative government.
• After the 1880s, most immigrants consisted of
  the Baltic and Slavic people of southeastern
  Europe, who were basically the opposite of most
  immigrants that arrived prior to the 1880s.

4
Southern Europe Uprooted

• Many Europeans came to America because there was
  no room in Europe and there wasnt many jobs due
  to industrialization.
• However, many that immigrated to America stayed
  for a short period of time and then returned to
  their homeland. The immigrants that remained
  (including persecuted Jews, who propagated in New
  York) tried very hard to retain their own culture
  and customs.

5
Reactions to the New Immigration

• The federal government did little to help
  immigrants assimilate into society. As a result,
  immigrants were often controlled by powerful
  bosses (such as New Yorks Boss Tweed) who
  provided jobs and shelter in return for political
  support which created corruption.
• However, the nations conscience gradually awoke
  to the problems in the slums. People like Walter
  Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden began
  preaching the social gospel, insisting churches
  tackle the social problems of the time.
• Among the people who were deeply dedicated to
  uplifting the urban masses was Jane Addams, who
  founded Hull House in 1889 to teach children and
  adults the skills and knowledge they would need
  to survive and succeed in America.
• The new cities also gave women, mostly single
  women, (working mothers and wives were considered
  appalling) opportunities to earn money and
  support themselves.

6
Narrowing the Welcome Mat

• The nativism and antiforeignism of the 1840s
  and 50s came back in the 1880s when the Germans
  and western Europeans looked down upon the Slavs
  and Baltics and feared that mixing of blood would
  ruin the fairer Anglo-Saxon races by creating
  inferior offspring.
• Anti-foreign organizations like the American
  Protective Association (APA) rose up against new
  immigrants and labor leaders who tried to stop
  new immigration, since immigrants were frequently
  used as strikebreakers.
• Finally in 1882, Congress passed the first
  restrictive law against immigration, which banned
  paupers, criminals, and convicts from coming to
  America.
• In 1885, another law was passed banning the
  importation of foreign workers under usually
  substandard contracts.
• Literacy tests for immigrants were proposed and
  resisted until they were finally passed in 1917.
  The 1882 immigration law barred the Chinese from
  coming in.
• In 1886 America received the Statue of Liberty,
  given as a gift from France.

7
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge

• Since churches had failed to take any stands or
  rally against the urban poverty, plight and
  suffering, many people questioned the ambition of
  the churches and worried that Satan was winning
  the battle of good vs. evil.
• However, a new generation of urban revivalists
  stepped in. For example, Dwight Lyman Moody who
  proclaimed the gospel of kindness and forgiveness
  and adapted the old-time religion to the facts of
  city life.
• Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths were gaining a
  lot from the new immigration.
• The Church of Christ, Scientist (Christian
  Science), founded by Mary Baker Eddy, preached
  that Christianity healed sickness.
• YMCAs and YWCAs also developed.

8
Darwin Disrupts the Churches

• In 1859, Charles Darwin published his On the
  Origin of Species, which set forth the new
  doctrine of evolutionism and attracted the ire
  and fury of fundamentalists.
• Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll denounced creationism
  after being widely persuaded by the theory of
  evolution.
• - Although, other people put together their own
  interpretations and combined the two theories.

9
The Lust for Learning

• More public schools were created with free
  textbooks that were funded by taxpayers.
• Catholic schools grew in popularity and in
  number.
• To partly help adults who couldnt go to school,
  the Chautauqua movement, a successor to the
  lyceums, was launched in 1874. This movement
  included public lectures to many people by famous
  writers and extensive at-home studies.
• Americans began to develop a faith that formal
  education was a solution to poverty.

10
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black
People

• The South, war-torn and extremely poor, lagged
  behind in education, especially for Blacks. So,
  Booker T. Washington, an ex-slave, helped by
  starting a black normal and industrial school in
  Tuskegee, Alabama, that taught the students
  useful skills and trades.
• One of Washingtons students was George
  Washington Carver who later discovered hundreds
  of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and
  soybeans.
• However, W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black to get a
  Ph.D. from Harvard University, demanded complete
  equality for Blacks and action now. So, he
  founded the National Association for the
  Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.

11
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy

• Colleges and universities sprouted after the
  Civil War, and colleges for women, such as
  Vassar, were gaining ground.
• The Morrill Act of 1862 had provided a generous
  grant of public lands to the states for
  education. This act was extended by the Hatch Act
  of 1887, which provided federal funds for the
  establishment of agricultural experiment stations
  in connection with the land-grant colleges.
• Private donations went towards the establishment
  of colleges, including Cornell, Leland Stanford
  Junior, and the University of Chicago funded by
  John D. Rockefeller.
• John Hopkins University was known as the nations
  first high-grade graduate school.

12
The March of the Mind

• College education began to change. The freedom of
  teachers was threatened as teachers were fired
  for teaching evolution or expressing hostility to
  high taxes.
• After the Civil War, medical schools and medical
  science began to prosper. This left to the
  improvement in public healthcare.
• Healthcare was also affected by foreign
  discoveries, such as Louis Pasteurs
  pasteurization and Joseph Listers Listerine.
• Intellectuals such as William James also had
  considerable affects on American culture. James
  wrote of behavioral psychology, the philosophy
  and psychology of religion, and pragmatism (truth
  was tested by practical consequences of an idea).

13
The Appeal of the Press

• Books continued to be an important aspect of life
  at the time. Contributions by philanthropists
  such as Andrew Carnegie allowed for the building
  of public libraries, especially in Boston and New
  York.
• The invention of the Linotype in 1885 greatly
  increased newspaper production. Newspaper
  production was becoming vulgar and circulation
  grew.
• Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph became
  journalistic tycoons. They both championed many
  worthy causes, but also manipulated to press for
  increased circulation. Their reign ended with the
  introduction of syndicated material and by the
  Associated Press in the 1840s.

14
Apostles of Reform

• People also used publication to bring about
  reform. In the moderately circulated Nation
  Edwin L. Godkin crusaded for civil-service
  reform, honesty in government, and moderate
  taxing.
• Henry George, in Progress and Poverty, wrote that
  the pressure of growing population on a fixed
  supply of land pushed up property values, which
  was unfair. His book sold about 3 million copies
  and he lectured in America and Britain.
• Edward Bellamy published Looking Backward, a
  novel about a future idyllic government, with
  nationalized big business to serve the public
  interest.

15
Postwar Writing

• Both literacy and book reading increased after
  the Civil War. Writers such as General Lewis
  Wallace and Horatio Alger wrote novels that
  branched off of the writers morality and
  religion. Their books sold millions and had huge
  effects on society.
• Poets such as Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and
  Sidney Lanier were also popular. Their post-Civil
  War works had great impacts in the world of poetry

16
Literary Landmarks

• Kate Chopin was a feminist author, publishing The
  Awakening in 1899, but was not known for her work
  until after her death.
• Mark Twain, becoming famous upon the publishing
  of The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras
  County and The Innocents Abroad, went on to
  become one of Americas most well known authors.
  Twains most famous works are The Adventures of
  Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huckleberry
  Finn.
• Ben Harte became famous for his gold rush stories
  like The Luck of Roaring Camp. But he was not
  able to match neither the excellence or the
  popularity of his first stories.
• William Dean Howells became famous as the editor
  in chief of the Boston-based Atlantic Monthly and
  wrote novels about ordinary people and social
  themes (A Modern Instance dealt with divorce).
• Stephen Crane wrote of the underside life in
  urban, industrial America (Maggie A Girl of the
  Streets was about a prostitute driven to
  suicide).
• Henry James wrote many novels about the
  confrontation of innocent Americans with subtle
  Europeans and wrote about the feminist movement
  in The Bostonians.
• Jack London and Frank Norris wrote of
  contemporary life and social problems.
• Theodore Dreiser wrote Sister Carrie, about a
  poor working girl whos disregard for prevailing
  moral standards caused the book to be withdrawn
  form circulation.

17
The New Morality

• Victoria Woodhull proclaimed her belief in free
  love and with her sister published Woodhull and
  Clafins Weekly and shocked respectable society
  when charging a famous preacher with an
  adulterous affair.
• Anthony Comstock declared war on the immoral
  and went to great lengths to defend sexual
  purity, claiming that he drove at least 15 people
  to suicide.
• Switchboard and typewriters became the tools of
  womens liberation and the new morality was
  reflected in rising divorce rates, birth control,
  and the discussion of sexual topic.

18
Families and Women in the City

• The urban environment was hard on families, who
  were separated from the clan, kin, and village
  they had known, and the era of divorce was
  launched.
• In cities, fathers, mothers, and children were
  forced to work and the struggle of the family led
  to dropping birthrates and a smaller family size.
• Women were gaining independence and feminists was
  promoted in literature like Charlotte Gilmans
  Women and Economics.
• Feminists began to demand a vote and the
  National Womens Suffrage Association was formed
  in 1890.
• Wyoming Territory granted the first unrestricted
  suffrage to women in 1869 and most states
  permitted wives to own or control their property
  after marriage by 1890.

19
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress

• Liquor consumption increased after the Civil War
  and immigrant groups were against restrictions.
• The National Prohibition party was organized in
  1869, the Womans Christian Temperance Union was
  organized in 1874, and the Anti-Saloon League was
  formed in 1893
• Frances E. Eillar and Carrie A. Nation were
  female advocates of the movement.
• Statewide prohibition was increasing, and in 1919
  the Eighteenth Amendment prohibition was made
  national.

20
Artistic Triumphs

• Several portrait painter of distinction, like
  James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, George
  Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, and
  sculptor Augustus Saint-Gaudens emerged and
  changed the art world of the time.
• The Metropolitan Opera House of New York, were
  the newly rich flaunted their wealth, was erected
  in 1883.
• The phonograph was in over 150,000 homes by 1900,
  changing the way Americans listened to their
  music.
• Henry H. Richardson was a famous American
  architect whose style became known as
  Richardsonian.

21
The Business of Amusement

• The circus became popular when Phineas T. Barnum
  and James A. Bailey joined hands to put on the
  Greatest Shown on Earth
• Wild West shows became very popular. Buffalo
  Bill and Annie Oakley were popular westerns.
• A league of professional baseball players was
  formed in the 1870s and in 1888 an all-star team
  toured the world.
• Other spectator sports such as football and
  boxing also emerged.
• Basketball was invented in 1891 by James Naismith
  and became enormously popular over the next
  century.