Antonio Miguel Vieira Monteiro

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WOOKSHOP ON CAPACITY BUILDING Group on Earth
Observations May, 29th to 31st, 2006 São José
dos Campos, SP
Public Domain Geoinformation Technology The
Brazilian Experience Reviews the Appropriate
Technology Concept for GIS and RS Education and
Technology Development

• Antonio Miguel Vieira Monteiro
• Gilberto Câmara

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What is Appropriate Technology Anyway ?
The Historical Context Schumacher, E. (1973).
Small Is Beautiful Economics as if People
Mattered. New York, Harper and Row. economically
developing nations should not adopt,
uncritically, technological solutions from
economically developed nations.
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What is Appropriate Technology Anyway ?
The Historical Context The original
formulation, as proposed by Schumacher, was
mainly based on issues related to the use of
energy and non-renewable resources, and also
linked to an overall perspective (typical of the
1960s and 1970s) relating to limits in the
Earths resources.
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GIS and RS as Appropriate Technology
Revisiting the Concept GIS and RS are
technologies fostered to help the apprehension of
large spaces, in particular to help us organizing
and representing in the digital domain, by means
of digital computers, the spatio-temporal
features of the processes that take place in a
particular geographic space .
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GIS and RS as Appropriate Technology
Revisiting the Concept and if we are talking
about computer representations of a geographic
space, then there is nothing that should be
taken more critically than those technological
solutions, just because Geometries are not
Geographies! ( Late Geography Professor Milton
Santos )
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(From Surfaces to Areas)1- Point Density
Calculus (Cases) 2- Transposition of the
measures of density of cases to polygons (
areas - census tracts)3- Correlation between the
Indicators
Slides Christovam Barcellos CICT/Fiocruz
Points
Surface
Areas
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(From Surfaces to Points)1- Risk Surfaces 2-
Risk measure transposition to the points (Cases)
Slides Christovam Barcellos CICT/Fiocruz
Points
Risk Surface
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Transposition of the Background data (
environmental)(From Surfaces to Points)1-
Obtaining Exposition Data (RS) for a given case
(Point)2- Socio-Environmetal Indicators3-
Correlation measures between the Indicators
Slides Christovam Barcellos CICT/Fiocruz
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Computational Representation of Geographical
Data The Need of Multiple Representaions
UNIVERSO DE REPRESENTAÇÃO
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We Need Technologies that Enable Us to Share
Different Visions of the Geographical Space
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Let us take some real world examples.
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There is no off-the-shelf technologies to answer
that need and the needs of these next examples!!!
There is no off-the-shelf methodologies for
answer the new challenges the real-world problems
imposes on us!!!
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A Possibility

The Art of Building Partnership and Networks
for Operating under an Agreed Agenda
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Partners and Networks
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Partners and Networks
PROJETO ENSP-21 REDES, FLUXOS E ÁREAS DE
ABRANGÊNCIA ORGANIZANDO OS TERRITÓRIOS DO SUS
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Partners and Networks
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Geo DataBases Technologies to Share
GeoDB (space time)
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SAUDAVEL Project
SAUDAVEL Bridging the Gap between Research and
Services in Public Health Operational Programs by
Multi-Institutional Networking Development and
Use of Spatial Information Technology Innovative
Tools
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SAUDAVEL Network Organizational
Structure Geographical Distribution
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SAUDAVEL Network Organizational
Structure Functional Responsabilities Focal
Nodes and Their PIs
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SAUDAVEL From Entomologic Surveillance to
Epimiologic Surveillance and Alert
Recife
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(No Transcript)
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SAUDAVEL 1.0 ALPHA The Pieces of Recife - Data

• Census Tract Data IBGE
• Health Data DataSUS
• Environmental Data INMET, CPTEC-INPE
• Survey Data Municipality Health Program-
  (GPS), Photografic register
• Cartographic Data Several Sources
• Satellite Data INPE, NASA
• Others

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Recife-SAUDAVEL From Eggtraps to Health Decision
Making A Surveillance System for Vontrol and
Alert for Dengue Fever at an Intra-Urban
Scale SAUDAVEL 1.0 ALPHA
Geographical Epidemiological DB Recife-SAUDAVEL
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SAUDAVEL 1.0 ALPHA Prediction and Alert
Integrated Model
Predictive Model under Assessment
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Recife 3D Morro da Conceição
Slides MNT e Animação 3D - Produzido pelos
Projetos SAUDAVEL , Defesa Civil /Recife e Depto
Cartografia UFPE Resp. José Constatino e José
Luis Potugal
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This is SAUDAVEL
Olinda, Junho 2004 General Workshop.
Entomologists , Engineers, Sanitarists,
Matemathicians, Statistics, Computer Scientists,
Local Health Authorities, Grad Students (PhD and
MsC), Epidemiologists, General Practioneers,
Archictects Planners and Environmental
Scientists together to think Recife and its
pieces!!
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Social-economic-political drivers behind
Amazonian land use and land cover change

• GEOMA Team

Amazônia Probio Project (FUNCATE/INPE, 2005)
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Dynamic areas (current and future)Source Escada
et al. (2005a, 2005b) Becker (2004, 2005)
INPE/PRODES 2003/2004
Deforestation
Forest
Non-forest
Clouds/no data
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Test 13 Arc model applied to Central areawith
demand regionalization, and different groups at
different scales
Projected hot spots of deforestation from 1997 to
2015
Factors

• Coarse scale
• urbanconn
• Fine scale
• Arc roadsconn
• Central (Arc model)
• Occidental roadsconnurban

Federative States
Roads
Using Arc model increases importance of
connection to markets and roads, and lowers the
emphasis on ports and rivers. It also increases
protected areas restriction.
Percentage of change in forest cover from 1997 to
2015
0 -gt
100
(Aguiar et al, 2004 2005)
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Results and dynamic areas (test 13)
(Aguiar et al, 2004 2005)
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FROM DIAGNOSTIC TO SIMULATION SPATIAL-TEMPORAL
DYNAMIC MODELLING
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TerraME - A Modeling Environment for
non-isotropic and non-homogeneous spatial dynamic
models development

• TIAGO GARCIA CARNEIRO
• ANA PAULA AGUIAR
• MARIA ISABEL ESCADA
• GILBERTO CÂMARA
• ANTÔNIO MIGUEL MONTEIRO

LUCC Workshop Amsterdam, October 2004
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Actors and Patterns

• Model hypothesis
• Occupation processes are different for Small and
  Medium/Large farms.
• Rate of change is not distributed uniformly in
  space and time rate in each land unit is
  influenced by settlement age and lot size for
  small farms, rate of change in the first years is
  also influenced by installation credit received.
• Location of change For small farms,
  deforestation has a concentrated pattern that
  spreads along roads. For large farmers, the
  pattern is not so clear.

Escada, 2003 Carneiro et al, 2004
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Model overview
Carneiro et al, 2004
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Allocation Module different factors andrules

• Factors affecting location of changes
• Small Farmers (500 m resolution)
• Connection to opened areas through roads network
• Proximity to urban areas
• Medium/Large Farmers (2500 m resolution)
• Connection to opened areas through roads network
• Connection to opened areas in the same line of
  ownerships

Alternative neighborhood examples
Carneiro, T. G. et al, 2004
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Allocation Module different resolution,
variables and neighborhoods
1985

• Small farms environments
• 500 m resolution
• Categorical variable deforested or forest
• One neighborhood relation
• connection through roads

• Large farm environments
• 2500 m resolution
• Continuous variable
• deforested
• Two alternative neighborhood
• relations
• connection through roads
• lot limits proximity

1997
1997
Carneiro, T. G. et al, 2004
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Simulation Results
1985 to 1997
Carneiro, T. G. et al, 2004
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TerraME
superfície discreta de células retangulares
multivaloradas possivelmente não contíguas
TerraLib Library make use of Cell Spaces for
Modelling and Simulation
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Nested Environments
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TerraME
Nested Environments
Multi Scale
Different parts of the Space can have Different
Resolutions (scale)
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The Components of the TerraME Integrated over
Environment
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TerraME Software Architecture
RondôniaModel
dynamicaModel
RICKSModel
CLUEModel
TerraME Language
TerraMECompiler
TerraME Virtual Machine
TerraLib
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The Basic Principles

• Technology as Instrument
• Access Principle
• Availability of Software and Methods and
  possibilities for their right appropriation
  (Software Education)
• (Open Licenses Software PUBLIC and FREE)
• (Open Source and extensive use of Open
  Protocols)
• (Open Protocols is not necessarely
  pseudo-standards)
• Innovation Principle
• Capacity for building new methods and producing
  new software technologies

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The Basic Principles

• Technology as Instrument
• Prototyping Principle
• Capacity for developing new generation of GIS and
  RS tools that incoporates the findings of the
  innovations
• Co-existence Principle
• Capacity for envolving local actors, small
  companies with strong technological basis, for
  the development of software products with a high
  aggregated value and that incorporate the
  innovations

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Habeas Software !!
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Habeas Software

• Customizing
• Different Needs need Different Software Solutions
• Is it possible to have all over standards
  considering these environments?
• NO ! !
• Use extensively and ostensively open technologies
  Do not make yourself a prisoner of an
  Illusions Vendor

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• Availability of Data and Observations
• Free Data beyond Free Software

Habeas Data !!
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Why not a G-GeoDB-MF?

• GEOSS-Global Geographic Data Base - Minimum and
  Free
• M - Minimum
• (?)
• What Data
• F - Free
• (?)
• Metadata
• Access Levels
• Delegation

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• Habeas Software at INPE

• Spring
• www.dpi.inpe.br/spring
• (65000 downloads, Public Software, Costless but
  not Free, Software, Tutorials, Books)
• TerraLib
• www.dpi.inpe.br/terralib
• (Public, Free. Open Source and Open Technologies,
  oriented to programmers)

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Status Today.
Focus GIS End Users

• May, 29th, 2006, 67060 Downloads registered for
  Spring
• Release 4.2, for Windows and Linux plataforms
• Releases Programmed up to SPRING 6.0 !
• Release 4.3 Beta already available for tests in
  the WEB

Small and Medium Companies, Public Companies and
Public Services, Municipalities, Federal
Governement, etc.
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Terralib

• Public Software INPE is Hold Responsible
• Open Source Policy LGPL - Free
• Extensive use DBMS
• Allows each one customize a solution
• Desktop
• Corporative Sharing
• Distributed (Web)
• Open Protocols

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Productivity Maps
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Logistic
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(No Transcript)
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Palm-top
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aRT em Ação
R data from geoR package.
Loaded into a TerraLib database, and visualized
with TerraView.
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Terralib Environment
Terraview TerraAmazon
SIGMUN GeoSan
GeoSUAS
Securitas
Santos
SIAP
Java
VB
Delphi
WMS WFS
C QT
.net
ASP
PHP
TeJava(JNI)
TeCOM
TeWeb
OGS
Terralib
SGBD
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• Focus Programmers of Geographic Applications
• TerraLib e SPRING
• With TerraLib each one can build its own
  SPRING !!

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The True Challenge The Political Challenge

• To Build up a Shared Vision of the GeoSpatial
  Data and Technology as a Collective Asset

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The True Challenge The Political Challenge

• To share a different standpoint That is possible
  for Developing Countries developing local
  alternatives of GIS technology. We hope to
  demonstrate that the general belief that local
  scientists and engineers in Developing Countries
  inevitably will be powerless to bring about
  innovation is misleading and self-defeating.

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The True Challenge The Political Challenge

• We argue, based on the Brazilian experience, that
  investment in and dependence on qualified local
  expertise is the key to successful use of
  information technologies such as GIS/RS.

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The True Challenge The Political Challenge

• When based on thoughtful and sustained research
  and development programs, local teams can eschew
  international aid packages while providing more
  appropriate information technology solutions for
  their nations.

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The True Challenge The Political Challenge

• Rather than viewed as mere dependents, such
  research teams are able to relate to "developed
  world" scientists and engineers as mutually
  respected partners and valued contributors to
  intellectual discourse and scientific and
  technological advancement.

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INPE is doing its Homework

• Human Developing Report 2001
• Iniciatives to Bridge the Digital Divide
• Spring
• (67060 users, Public, Free, Software and
  Tutorials)
• TerraLib
• (Open Source Software)

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TerraLib Project A New Technological Leap

• Important Note
• TerraLib and SPRING
• Live Together, Talk AND Converge !

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Geotechnology Developments at INPE

• Motivation
• Provide innovative and user-friendly systems
• Strongly linked to Research and Education

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Geotechnology Developments at INPE

• Long-term Investment
• 1st. Generation (1982-1992) DOS system/UNIX
  systems
• 2nd. Generation (1992-present) SPRING -
  Windows/Linux
• 3rd. Generation (2003-present) TerraLib
  (OpenSource)
• Widows/Linux

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Geotechnology Developments at INPE

• Cooperative Multi-Institutional Developments
• INPE team of 40 people (RD) at DPI
• Brazilian institutions EMBRAPA, PUC/RJ, UNICAMP,
  FUNCATE
• 150 man-years, 600.000 LOC in C for SPRING

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Geotechnology Developments at INPE

• TerraLib is .... Networking driven by Problems
• Fiocruz Public Health
• Urban Studies CEM, NEPO-UNICAMP
• Inequality Studies PUC-SP
• Amazonia MPEG, EMBRAPA, UFPA, GEOMA, etc
• Methods UFMG, UFPR
• main Developers
• DPI/INPE, TECGRAF/PUC-Rio and FUNCATE

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SPRING Technology Empowering People

• SPRING - Emphasis on Innovation
• New Image Classification Algorithms
• Strong Analytical Capability
• Use of Geostatistics and Spatial Statistics
• Available on the Internet - SPRING lives on the
  WEB
• near 65000 downloads (May,2006)

• Free Technology Need not Be Worse !

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Empowering People with Geotechnology

• Black-box Approach
• Buy equipment/software, not solutions
• Technology does not Match Local Qualifications
• High Risk - Lots of Failures in the Third World

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Empowering People with Geotechnology

• Alternatives to the Black-box
• Technology Choice Should Match User Capability
• Develop Qualified People Before Buying Complex
  Systems

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Empowering People with Geotechnology The
White-Box Model

• results people methods software
• People
• Learning by Doing x Learning by Using
• Methods
• Translate Concepts into Working Procedures
• Software
• Provide Adequate Support for Data Analysis and
  Integration

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Third-World technology in a Global Market The
Challenges

• Competitive IT Solutions
• Requires Qualified Personnel
• Long-term Investment (10 years)

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Third-World Technology in a Global Market The
Challenges

• Lots of Qualified IT Personnel in Third World
• Dispersed in Many Institutions (no critical mass)
• How to Share Resources and Knowledge ?

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Third-World Technology in a Global Market The
Challenges

• Act locally, think globally
• Local Solutions can be Applied Elsewhere
• Sucessful IT Products Should Have a Global
  Perspective

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Third-World Technology in a Global Market
Towards an Alternative

• Building an Alternative to Technological
  Domination
• Internet supporting a network of co-operation

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Third-World Technology in a Global Market
Towards an Alternative

• Co-operative IT solutions
• requires re-thinking of how IT works
• Open Source Linux as a paradigm
• TerraLib is an example of what can be achieved

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Third-World Technology in a Global Market
Towards an Alternative

• Towards a New Utopia
• turning globalization upside down

IT should bring freedom for solutions, not
Software Monopolies
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Third-World Technology in a Global Market The
Barriers

• Local Barriers
• Local users mistrust their very own institutions
• Cultural domination is self-reinforceble

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Third-World Technology in a Global Market The
Barriers

• Global Barriers

International Agencies Finance Technology Sales,
But not Knowledge Acquisition
World Bank and IMF Consultants (in most cases)
Do Not Accept Local Technology and Expertise
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Some Lessons Learned in 20 years of
GeoTechnologies Development and Education in
Brazil

• The Build-up of Skilled Local Experts is a
  Fundamental and Necessary Step for Effective use
  of Geotechnologies

UN, World Bank and Related Financing
Organizations Should Give Priority to Actions
Where Local Research and Development Work is
Involved
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Thank You! !!
TerraLib Team at INPE Ricardo Cartaxo e Gilberto
Câmara Kernel Lúbia Vinhas ( Gerente Sw) Karine
Ferreira Gilberto Ribeiro TerraView Juan Garrido
Lauro Hara Biblioteca PDI/Plug-ins Emiliano
Castejon Leila Maria
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Sites

• Projects
• www.cedest.info
• www.dpi.inpe.br/saudavel
• www.dpi.inpe.br/geoma
• Technologies
• www.dpi.inpe.br/spring
• www.terralib.org
• www.dpi.inpe.br/terraview
• Thesis and Dissertations
• www.dpi.inpe.br/teses.html
• Books (on-line)
• www.dpi.inpe.br/livros.html