WORLD BANK ACTIVITIES IN CHINA TO PROMOTE AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

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WORLD BANK ACTIVITIES IN CHINA TO PROMOTE AIR
QUALITY MANAGEMENT

• Graham Smith
• Beijing
• 27 September 2006

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World Bank Activities

• Four Sectors
• Energy
• Transport
• Urban
• Environment
• Four Key Activities
• Lending for Project Investments
• Policy Analysis and Advisory Services
• Technical Assistance
• Training Programs

3
World Bank Activities

• Activities initially addressed only local
  pollutants, but now include Greenhouse Gases
  (CO2, CH3 (Methane), CFC), through various Global
  Environment Facility Programs and Carbon Finance.

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ENERGY

• Key AQM Challenges
• Manage the environmental impact of coal
• Diversify energy mix by increasing the proportion
  of gas, hydro, nuclear and other renewable
• Increase the efficiency of energy production,
  transformation and consumption
• While ensuring energy supply security to meet
  demand growth

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ENERGY

• World Bank Assistance
• Aggressive implementation of energy efficiency
  policy and measures
• Harnessing indigenous clean energy services
• Optimizing the supply and use of coal
• Promoting clean use of coal and mitigating
  environmental impact of coal use

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ENERGY

• Instruments
• Analytical/advisory work and technical
  assistance
• Lending to renewable energy, energy efficiency,
  coal bed methane, district heat supply
• GEF support to capacity building, technology
  improvement, legal and regulatory system building
  
• Carbon finance transactions

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Analytical Advisory Work

• Energy Strategy
• Sustainable Coal Sector
• Coal-Bed Methane Strategy
• Demand Side Management
• Clean Coal Policy
• Power Sector Reform
• Heat Sector Reform
• Climate Change Strategy

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ENERGY

• Lending for Projects
• Energy Conservation I II
• Renewable Energy Development
• Renewable Energy Scale-Up Program
• Shandong power plant flue gas desulfurization
  installation
• Liaoning Heat Supply
• Shanxi Coal Bed Methane Development
• Energy Efficiency

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ENERGY

• GEF Projects
• Energy Conservation I II
• Renewable Energy Development
• Renewable Energy Scale-Up Program
• Heat Pricing and Reform
• Chinas GEF Energy Sector allocation under
  climate change in the next 5 years is around
  US135 million
• Coal-fired Power Plant Rehabilitation (20 m)
• Energy Efficiency (15 m)
• IGCC Demonstration Plant ( 15-18 m)

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ENERGY

• GEF-Funded Power Plant Rehabilitation
• Three Components
• Policy and regulation
• Technology improvement
• Demonstration project

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ENERGY

• Carbon Financing
• Coal Mine Methane Recovery
• Renewable Energy (Wind, Hydro)
• Energy Efficiency (waste gas recovery)
• Land-fill Gas Recovery and Utilization
• HFC23 Destruction

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Urban Transport

• Key AQM Challenges
• Increasing motorization
• Increasing urbanization
• Increased use of motorized means of transport,
  more trips and longer trips by car and other
  motorized means
• Leading to increasing local pollution and global
  pollution (CO2) and energy security concerns

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Urban Transport

• World Bank Assistance
• AAA work with SEPA on Motor Vehicle Emission
  Control Strategies (MVECS).
• Lending for development and implementation of
  MVECS in UT Projects, improving public transport,
  and facilities for pedestrians and cyclists
• GEF OP 11 Program Initial 12 million Full
  Program 60 million.
• City level AQM Training Program

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Projects in China
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Urban Transport

• Main AQM Objective of Transport Projects
• Ensure growth of local and global pollutants is
  minimized by
• ensuring attractiveness of non-motorized
  transport (NMT) and public transport (Investments
  and TA)
• encouraging an integrated approach to planning,
  design and financing of investments (TA)
• encouraging compact city design (TA)
• MVECS programs to reduce and mitigate effects of
  locally emitted pollutants

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Urban Transport - MVECS

• Strengthening Air Quality Monitoring
• Ambient
• Road-side
• Development of AQM Centers, bringing into a
  single organizational unit
• Air quality monitoring and databases
• Policy formulation and implementation
• Establishing and maintaining regulatory
  frameworks
• Monitoring of vehicle inspection programs
• Institutional Strengthening and Training

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Urban Transport - MVECS

• Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance (I/M)
  Programs
• Establish/increase capacity of test centers
• Upgrade testing methods and equipment
• Facilitate non-government finance and operation
• Establish/expand roadside testing
• Link to vehicle registration database
• Promote high-use private fleet I/M programs

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Urban Transport - MVECS

• Promote cleaner fuels (CNG LPG) and conversion
  programs for high-use fleets (buses, taxis,
  municipal and other fleets)
• Upgrade and enforce motor vehicle emission
  standards and fuel standards
• Vehicle retirement programs for older vehicles
• Promote public transport and bicycle usage
• Public education

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Which Emits more Pollutants, Energy or Transport?

• In small cities vehicle emissions are not a
  major issue yet, but basic control measures (i.e.
  complying with national emission requirements)
  and long-term integrated approach (infrastructure
  planning focused on public transport and
  non-motorized means) should be encouraged to
  prevent problems experienced by big cities.
• In medium large cities, a shift from
  stationary type pollution to a mixture
  (stationary mobile emissions) is already under
  way, therefore more comprehensive vehicle
  emission controls should be introduced (i.e.
  improve inspection maintenance, cleaner
  vehicles, traffic management)
• All these considerations should be based on
  understanding of pollution phenomena (a network
  of ambient and roadside monitoring stations
  interpretation capacity)

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Recommendations for SEPA

• Strengthen vehicle emission standards and their
  enforcement
• Promote fuel quality improvement
• Promote technology advancement
• Provide guidelines for
• criteria/standards for pollution reduction
  policies
• (road side) monitoring capacity
• standard methodology for emission inventories
• Inspection maintenance programs, data
  management
• cooperation among different bureaus
• Supervise their enforcement by the cities
• Conduct health impact studies

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Recommendations for Cities

• Set up/optimize transport pollution monitoring
  capacity
• Enforce national guidelines / promote
  site-specific measures
• Promote cleaner fuel vehicles
• Improve capacity of emission testing and
  enforcement by Portable Emission Measurement
  System
• Air Quality Urban Transport integrated
  management
• Strengthen institutional system for MVECS (human
  resources, capacity building)
• Facilitate cooperation among different bureaus
  (police, transport, land use, environment,
  health, industry)
• Promote public participation through outreach of
  air pollution information

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Recommendations for WB

• Clear directions/indications to cities and
  national authorities through training
• Circulate experiences in different cities
• Make sure that these considerations reach the
  right decision makers in WB
• Train upper-level decision makers in cities
  they are the ones taking decisions
• Macro-scale guidelines on long-term AQM/MVECS
• Encourage/support health impact studies

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Future Steps

• Training opportunities based on above
  recommendations
• Help build capacity at national level to promote
  sound energy urban transport policies
• GEF assistance to develop and carry out energy
  and urban transport projects with
  emission-reducing objectives

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Xian Urban Transport Project - Air Quality
Management Component

• Objective
• Prevent air pollution against increasing
  vehicle traffic by enhancing Citys capacity for
  vehicle emission inspection, data
  collection/utilization and policy making.
• Elements
• Xian Municipal Ambient Air Supervising and
  Monitoring Center
• Vehicle emission inspection and control system
• Air quality monitoring system
• Air quality information management and data
  analysis system
• TA for system design and development and
  implementation of motor vehicle emission control
  strategies

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Air Quality Management Training Courses in China

• Organizations
• WB and SEPA (Sponsors), IGES, Sino-Japan
  Friendship Center for Environmental Protection,
  SEPA/FECO (Organizers)
• Objectives
• Capacity building for improved AQM in Chinese
  cities
• Assistance for the formulation of AQ improvement
  action plan in Chinese cities
• Target cities
• 113 key cities, Member cities of CAI-Asia China
  Project
• Training schedule
• First training September 18-20 in Urmqi
• Second and Third in November and December in
  Beijing

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Scoping Study on Air Quality Management (AQM) and
Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Strategies
(MVECS)

• Objective
• Identify priorities, institutional arrangements,
  and constraints/gaps
• Serve as a basis for the development of policy
  guidance in the future
• Methodology
• Review of readily available information and Case
  studies in selected Chinese cities (Shanghai,
  Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Xian, Shijiazhuang,
  Jinan, Urumqi)
• Expected Outputs
• Preliminary recommendations to cities, SEPA and
  the Bank on how to prioritize the AQ efforts,
  what lacks in terms of regulations and standards,
  how to address AQ in UT projects, etc.

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Liaoning Province I/M Pilot Program

• First Stage to start mid-2007
• 6 pilot cities
• 12 test-only centers with 58 lanes
• Dynamometer simple drive cycle (IG195)
• Separate Certified, private-sector Repair Centers
• Integrated database for reporting and control

• World Bank giving support
• Review and advice,
• Assistance with
• QA/QC,
• Training,
• Outreach
• Systems etc

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Key Opportunities and Challenges

• Unique opportunity to develop a country-wide
  World-Class I/M program
• Strategic framework meets international
  best-practice criteria for an effective program
• Program is well defined at policy level
• But needs much more attention to detail, which
  requires
• Staffing
• Funding
• Top-level commitment
• Strong opportunity for more State (SEPA)
  involvement and leadership

Greater commitment and effort in working out the
details can deliver a Pilot that could be proudly
replicated country-wide