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Title: Church Victorious:


1
Chapter 3
  • Church Victorious
  • The Age of the Fathers
  • 300-500 A.D.

2
Tetrarchy
  • Diocletian creates tetrarchy
  • Eastern Western
  • Augustus 1
  • Caesar 2
  • Each center had a Caesar controlling the region
  • The four were supposed to rule together

3
The New Roman Empire
4
Power Struggles
  • Diocletian and Maximian Diocletians
    Self-Imposed Exile (305 CE)
  • Constantius and Galerius from Caesares to
    Augusti
  • Constantius dies his son Constantine assumes
    power as an Augustus
  • Constantines rise is contested by Maxentius son
    of Maximian
  • Civil War begins between Constantine and Maxentius

5
The Triumph of Constantine
  • Battle at Milvian Bridge outside of Rome
    October 28, 312 A.D.
  • Constantines Vision
  • The Chi-Rho Monogram

In hoc signo vinces In this sign you will
conquer
6
Battle of the Milvian Bridge
7
Arch of Constantine
8
Constantine
9
Legalization of Christianity
  • Occurs in 313 A.D. with the Edict of Milan
  • Judicial authority given to Bishops
  • Lords Day becomes Holy Day (321 A.D.)
  • Imperial Revenue subsidized the Church
  • Constantine and Successors gradually increase
    imperial support for Christianity

10
Edict of Milan
  • Observing that freedom of worship should not be
    denied, but that each one should be given the
    right in accordance with his conviction and will
    to adhere to the religion that suits his
    preference, we had already long ago given orders
    to the Christiansto maintain the faith of their
    own sect and worship.
  • Constantine and Licinius, 313 A.D.

11
Constantine and the Beginnings of the Christian
Roman Empire
  • Inauguration of Constantinople (Byzantium
    Istanbul) as the New Rome (330 A.D.)
  • A Christian Empire Ecumenical Council at Nicaea
    (325 A.D.)

12
4 Great Councils
  • 4th and 5th centuries 4 major councils
  • Ecumenical Council
  • Meetings of bishops called by the magisterium
    from which all decrees bind members of the Church
  • 4 Great Councils
  • 325 Nicaea
  • 381 Constantinople
  • 431 Ephesus
  • 451 Chalcedon

13
325 A.D. Council of Nicaea
  • Nicaea Northwest Asia Minor
  • First Ecumenical Council
  • Called by Constantine ratified by Sylvester I
  • First major meeting of the Church since the
    Council of Jerusalem
  • Reason
  • Discussion of Arianism
  • there was a time when he was not
  • Rejection of the divinity of Christ
  • Super creature / not God

14
Nicaea (cont)
  • Results
  • Definition of the Father Son as homoousious
    of the same substance
  • Coeternal, consubstantial, coequal
  • Condemned Arius and Arianism
  • First draft of Nicene Creed
  • Key theologian
  • St. Athanasius as a deacon would become bishop
    and doctor of the Church

15
381 A.D. Council of Constantinople
  • Constantinople modern day Istanbul
  • Second Ecumenical Council
  • Called by Emperor Theodosius I
  • Pope St. Damasus did not attend
  • Eastern bishops only in attendance
  • Reason
  • Discussion of Apollinarianism
  • Holy Spirit as a creature

16
Constantinople (cont)
  • Results
  • Confirmed results of Nicaea
  • Affirmed the deity of the Holy Spirit
  • Condemned Macedonius and Apollinarianism
  • Final draft of the Nicene Creed
  • Key theologians
  • St. Gregory Nazianzen (presiding bishop)
  • St. Cyril of Jerusalem

17
431 A.D. Council of Ephesus
  • Ephesus south west Asia Minor
  • Third Ecumenical Council
  • Called by Theodosius II ratified by Pope
    Celestine I
  • Reason
  • Discussion of Nestorianism
  • Role of Mary as Mother of God

18
Ephesus (cont)
  • Results
  • Condemned Nestorianism and Nestorius
  • Mary as the Mother of Jesus and of God
  • Theotokos God-bearer
  • Affirmed two natures in the one person of Christ
    human and divine
  • Affirmed the condemnation of Pellagianism
  • Key theologian
  • St. Cyril of Alexandria, Doctor of the Church

19
451 A. D. Council of Chalcedon
  • Chalcedon north of Constantinople
  • Forth Ecumenical Council
  • Called by Emperor Marcian ratified by Pope Leo
    the Great
  • Reason
  • Discussion of Monophysitism
  • One nature in Christ (divine)

20
Chalcedon (cont)
  • Results
  • Condemned Eutyches and Monophysitism
  • Declared Christs two natures unmixed, unchanged,
    undivided, inseparable
  • Key theologian
  • St. Leo the Great, Doctor of the Church

21
Western Roman Empire Falls
  • Major Causes
  • Relocation of the capital to Constantinople
  • Rome left as an imperial afterthought
  • Weak Roman forces left to defend a large
    territory
  • Visigoths
  • Germanic tribe, first to lay siege to Rome
  • Vandals
  • Destructive nomadic tribe adopted Arianism
    persecuted mainstream Christians
  • Huns
  • A tribe originating in China one of the last
    barbarian groups to invade Western Europe

22
Aftermath
  • Bishop of Rome as Emperor of the West
  • The power vacuum allowed the bishop of Rome soon
    called the Pope to assume more power and
    authority
  • St. Damasus (366-384)
  • First used the term Apostolic See to connect his
    authority to that of the Apostles, specifically
    St. Peter
  • Claimed that the East sent Sts. Peter and Paul
    because Rome was destined to be the center of the
    Church
  • Paved the way for Leo the Great to take over

23
Leo the Great
  • The Rising Influence of the Papacy
  • The office of Pope became important due to Rome's
    fall in 410 to the Visigoths
  • He provided leadership
  • Put the papacy in the spotlight
  • Became pope in 440
  • Began to use the title "Pontifex Maximus"
    (Highest bridge maker)
  • used by Roman emperors to show their role as high
    priest in the pagan religion
  • Pope was an earlier title from the Greek "pappas"
    father
  • Leo changed that due to his position as spiritual
    father and state official.
  • Leo makes peace with Attila the Hun

24
The Fathers of the Church
  • Fathers of the Church
  • Designation for Church leaders during the early
    centuries of Christianity whose teachings
    formulated Christian doctrine
  • Eastern Fathers
  • St. Athanasius, Gregory of Nyssa, St. Basil, St.
    Gregory of Nazianzus, St. John Chrysostom
  • Western Fathers
  • St. Ambrose, St. Augustine, St. Jerome, St.
    Gregory the Great

25
Augustine
  • Bishop of Hippo (354-430 A.D.)
  • Born in North Africa or Roman Africa
  • Father Roman Official
  • Mother Monica who was a Christian
  • Augustine had a mistress and a son, Adeodatus
  • Manichaean
  • One God created good another created evil
  • No one was responsible for his/her sins

26
Augustine (cont)
  • The Influence of Plato and Ambrose
  • Plato argued that there existed a world beyond
    what we see - the ideal realm where perfection
    exists. DUALISM - having both body and spirit.
  • Romans 1313-14 141 - motivates Augustine to
    convert to Christianity.
  • The Confessions, Augustine's Autobiography
  • At 33, he is baptized by Ambrose
  • Returned to North Africa and founded a monastery,
    made a priest, 4 years later made a bishop.

27
Augustine vs. Donatism
  • Donatist-
  • Donatus, Bishop of Carthage in North Africa
  • Any apostate could never be forgiven
  • Disloyal bishops did not perform real sacraments
  • The validity of the sacrament rested solely on
    the worthiness of the bishop
  • Augustine disagreed
  • It did not allow for the God's grace to work
  • Augustine gt A sacraments validity comes from
    God working through weak and sinful people.

28
Augustine vs. Pellagianism
  • Pelagianism
  • (named after monk Pelagius)
  • Issue Grace or God's power vs. work/human
    efforts for salvation
  • Pelagius said that people could be saved without
    God's grace
  • We need to work hard enough
  • Why? Because Pelagius reacted against moral
    laxity that was rampant in the empire.
  • Augustine said we are separated from God due to
    Original Sin as told in the story of Adam and
    Eve. So . . .
  • Human nature tends to sin. But . . .
  • God's grace helps us overcome the tendency to
    sin.

29
Augustine and the Fall of Rome
  • The City of God
  • 410, Rome falls to the Barbarian Goths. Once
    again the Christians were blamed because their
    God did not save the city.
  • Augustine responds with his greatest work, The
    City of God
  • History ongoing struggle between two realms
  • City of God and City of Man

30
Monasticism
  • Quest for holiness begun in North Africa
  • Movement - great contribution to the Church and
    society
  • Mono
  • Greek word meaning alone, single
  • Monasticism
  • The movement of people away from the world to
    pursue holiness
  • New way to live the Gospel
  • Following example of Christ going into the
    dessert

31
St. Anthony of Egypt
  • Regarded as the founder of monasticism
  • Moved to Egypt in 270 A.D. after reading Lk.
    1822
  • Lived an ascetic lifestyle of simplicity and
    devotion to God
  • Formed a monastic community
  • Life story written by St. Athanasius of
    Alexandria
  • Famous account detailing early monastic life

32
St. Ambrose (339-397)
  • Son of a Roman official became a governor of
    northern Italy in Milan
  • In 374, the bishop of Milan died leaving a
    vacancy
  • People shouted for Ambrose who was not even a
    baptized Christian
  • Significant contribution to the preparation of
    catechumens
  • Baptismal homilies still studied today
  • Became the mentor to St. Augustine
  • Largely responsible for Augustines conversion

33
St. Jerome (331-420)
  • Assigned the task of translating the Bible by
    Pope Damasus at the age of 50
  • Need for a Latin edition to compliment the common
    language of the West
  • Took roughly 15 years to finish the task
  • Vulgate
  • Derived from the same Latin root as vulgar
    which originally meant of the common people
  • Also responsible for establishing monasteries in
    and around Jerusalem

34
St. Basil the Great (329-379)
  • Father of Eastern Monasticism
  • Wrote a rule on how to live a life of prayer and
    quiet with other people
  • Rule was needed because too many people were
    doing excessive penance and fasting
  • Basil encouraged his followers to pray in
    silence, serve the poor and sick, and study
  • In the eastern church his rule is still followed
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