Spanish American War

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Spanish American War

• SS7, Strand 1, Concept 7 Emergence of the Modern
  United States
• PO 10 Analyze the United States expanding role
  in the world during the late 19th and early 20th
  centuries
• a. Spanish American War

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Monroe Doctrine of 1823

• The Monroe Doctrine of 1823 defined United States
  foreign policy in the Americas for the rest of
  the 19th century and beyond.
• It declared that the United States had an
  interest in the Western Hemisphere and that
  European powers must not interfere in the affairs
  of developing nations there.
• The United States was a young nation in 1823 and
  did not really have the power to back up the
  Monroe Doctrine. However, the policy was used to
  justify the sending of U.S. troops into Mexico in
  1866 (to intimidate the French) and the purchase
  of Alaska in 1867.

3
America Becomes a World Power

• http//www.unitedstreaming.com/search/assetDetail.
  cfm?guidAssetID7DA63659-26F6-439C-836A-0FA7FA13E3
  A3tabStartvideoSegments
• United Streaming video America Becomes a World
  Power. 30min explanation of the U.S. rise to
  imperialism which includes a segment on the
  Spanish American War.

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Cuba
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Cuba
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Imperialism Defined

• Imperialism is a policy used by a nation to
  extend power or rule over foreign countries
  especially by taking over land or by gaining
  political and economic control of other areas.
  Because it always involves the use of power,
  whether military force or some subtler form,
  imperialism has often been considered morally
  wrong.
• Imperialism has been used by powerful nations in
  order to take over land, labor, materials, and
  markets of another people.
• Acquired lands are sometimes called
  commonwealths, territories, or dominions.

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U.S. Imperialism

• Militarily speaking, the Spanish-American War of
  1898 was brief and not very bloody, but its
  political consequences were enormous.
• It led to United States imperialism and greater
  participation in world politics.

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Cubans Rebel Against Spanish Rule

• Cuban rebels started a violent revolution against
  Spanish rule in 1895.
• These rebels were acting out, in part because of
  a depression caused by a decline in U.S. sugar
  purchases from Cuba.
• Rebel violence led to more repressive actions by
  the Spanish.

11
Yellow Journalism

• In the United States, newspaper accounts spread
  exaggerated tales of Spanish atrocities.
• This sensationalist journalism, called yellow
  journalism, played a pivotal role in the war.
• At the time, William Randolph Hearst's New York
  American and Joseph Pulitzer's New York World,
  were engaged in a fierce battle for circulation
  and they used yellow journalism to try to
  captivate audiences and sell more newspapers.
• William Randolph Hearst believed that a war with
  Spain over Cuba would not only sell newspapers,
  but also make him a popular national figure.

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Propaganda

• Hearst launched a propaganda offensive, the first
  in modern media history, which demonized Spain
  for its brutal suppression of the Cuban rebellion
  and fueled pro-war feeling.
• American newspapers across the country agitated
  for the United States to intervene in Cubas
  struggle to gain independence from Spain.
• At first President Cleveland resisted the rising
  public demand for intervention, but by early 1898
  the pressure, then on his successor, President
  McKinley, was too great to be ignored.

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Newspaper Headlines

• 22 Feb Illinois State Journal
• "SMALL CHILDREN SHOT DOWN AND WOMEN TREATED AS IF
  THEY WERE NO BETTER THAN BRUTES"
• 24 Feb Illinois State Journal
• "SENATE DECLARED THAT ONE THIRD OF CUBANS HAVE
  PERISHED UNDER SPANISH CRUELTY"
• 25 March Illinois State Register
• "CUBA MUST BE FREE"

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Newspaper Headlines

• 13 Jan Chicago Daily Tribune
• "ALARM OVER CUBA...EUROPEAN FINANCIAL INTERESTS
  WANT THE WAR ENDED...ASK UNCLE SAM TO
  ACT...BONDHOLDERS WILL LOSE UNLESS AMERICA
  INTERVENES. STRONG INFLUENCES FELT"
• "WILD MOBS RIOTING IN THE STREETS OF
  HAVANA...AMERICAN WARSHIP TO PROTECT THE
  CONSULATE...REPORT THAT BATTLESHIP MAINE HAS BEEN
  ORDERED TO CUBA AND THAT ADMIRAL BUNA'S SQUADRON
  IS BEING ASSEMBLED AT KEY WEST, FLA."

15
U.S.S. Maine

• In January 1898, the US decided to send in the
  warship USS Maine to Havana, Cuba to protect US
  interests and to demonstrate an American presence
  in the Caribbean.

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Photographic History of the Spanish-American War
New York Pearson Pub. Co., 1898
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Newspaper Headlines

• 25 Jan Chicago Daily Tribune
• "GUNS GO TO HAVANA...WARSHIP MAINE IS DISPATCHED
  TO CUBA...SAID TO INSURE PEACE...SECRETARY LONG
  AND GENERAL MILES CALLED INTO CONFERENCE"
• 25 Jan Illinois State Journal
• "WARSHIP TO HAVANA...BATTLESHIP MAINE DISPATCHED
  AND SENATORS SAY AMEN...OFFICIALS DECLARE THAT
  THIS MOVE IS A FRIENDLY ONE...The sending of the
  Maine to Havana means simply the resumption of
  friendly naval relations with Spain...The general
  belief here, however, is that in Madrid, rather
  than any Cuban town, is trouble to be looked for,
  if there should be any misapprehension of the
  purpose of our government in sending the Maine to
  Havana"
• (Senor Quesada, Secretary of the Cuban Junta
  said) "The sending of the Maine to Cuba, whatever
  be the official version, is, in our opinion,
  proof that things are in such condition in the
  few Spanish strongholds that anarchy reigns and
  that American citizens and property, unable to
  find protection at the hands of the impotent
  Spanish government, have now the protection of
  their own vessels

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Sinking of the Maine

• On February 15, the USS Maine mysteriously sunk
  in the Havana Harbor.
• Although, later, scientists attributed the
  incident to an internal and accidental explosion,
  at the time it was reported that the explosion
  was caused by Spanish forces in Cuba.
• With the explosion of the USS Maine, and the loss
  of lives in the Havana harbor, events moved
  beyond the president's control.

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Newspaper headlines

• 15 Feb Chicago Daily Tribune
• "EXTRA...330 A.M....MAINE IS BLOWN UP IN HAVANA
  HARBOR...AMERICAN BATTLESHIP DESTROYED AT A
  QUARTER OF 10 O'CLOCK LAST EVENING BY A TERRIFIC
  EXPLOSION SAID TO HAVE OCCURRED ON BOARD"
• 16 Feb Illinois State Journal
• "WARSHIP MAINE WAS BLOWN UP...HAVANA...FEB.
  15...BULLETIN...AT A QUARTER OF 10 O'CLOCK THIS
  EVENING A TERRIBLE EXPLOSION TOOK PLACE ON BOARD
  THE UNITED STATES CRUISER MAINE IN HAVANA HARBOR.
  MANY WERE KILLED OR WOUNDED. ALL THE BOATS OF THE
  SPANISH CRUISER ALFONZE XII ARE ASSISTING"

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War with Spain

• The sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana harbor
  in 1898 caused the death of about 266 men
  including 22 African American sailors.
• Yellow journalism fueled American anger and
  editor Hearst continued to push that the US had a
  perfect pretext for war.
• Although President William McKinley opposed
  growing public demand for war, the American cry
  of the hour became, Remember the Maine, To Hell
  with Spain!

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Newspaper Headlines

• 17 Feb Galesburg Republican-Register
• "THE MAINE'S DISASTER...LATER ACCOUNTS ADD TO THE
  MAGNITUDE OF THE CATASTROPHE...ONE OF THE WORST
  HORRORS KNOWN"
• 17 Feb Chicago Daily Tribune
• "PLOT OR ACCIDENT?...SPAIN UNDER SUSPICION"

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Newspaper Headlines

• 27 March Illinois State Journal
• "POSITION OF PRESIDENT...HE WILL RECOMMEND ARMED
  INTERVENTION IF NO OTHER CAUSE WILL AVAIL...IF
  SPAIN FAILS TO GIVE IT SHE WILL RECEIVE A LESSON
  IN HUMANITARIANISM...ONLY ABSOLUTE RIGHT AND
  HUMANITY WOULD JUSTIFY PLUNGING THE NATION IN
  STRIFE, AND POLITICS WILL WIELD NO INFLUENCE IN
  THE COURSE WHICH PRESIDENT WILL PURSUE"
• 1 April Chicago Daily Tribune
• "READY NOW TO FIGHT...STATEMENTS BASED ON SPAIN'S
  ALLEGED REFUSAL...WILL WAIT NO LONGER...NATIONAL
  HONOR DEMANDS OPENING OF HOSTILITIES"
• 3 April Illinois State Journal
• "YACHTS THAT MAY BE SHIPS OF WAR...AMERICA'S
  PRIVATE YACHTS COULD ALONE WIPE SPAIN'S NAVY OFF
  OF THE SEA...LUXURIOUS FLOATING PALACES THAT
  COULD EASILY BE CONVERTED INTO VERY FORMIDABLE
  FIGHTING MACHINES"

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Remember the Maine

• 15 July Illinois State Register
• "REMEMBER THE MAINE
• Flag o' the free heart's hope and home,
• By angel's hand to valor given.
• Thy stars have lit the welkindome,
• And all thy hues were born in heaven.
• Forever float that standard sheet,
• Where breathes the foe but falls before us,
• With Freedom's soil beneath our feet.
• And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us."

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A splendid little war.

• Although Spain wanted to avoid war, it refused to
  withdraw from Cuba and recognize the islands
  independence.
• By mid-April, Congress authorized McKinley to use
  the armed forces to expel the Spanish from Cuba.
• For Americans it was, as Secretary of State John
  Hay put it in a letter to Theodore Roosevelt, a
  splendid little war.

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Newspaper Headlines

• 23 April Illinois State Register
• "FREEDOM FOR CUBA...MAY THEY FLOAT VICTORIOUS FOR
  JUSTICE, LIBERTY, HUMANITY
• 24 April Illinois State Register
• "CALLS FOR VOLUNTEERS...PRESIDENT ISSUES A
  PROCLAMATION CALLING FOR 125,000 MORE
  TROOPS...REGULARS GO TO CUBA SOON...THE NATIONAL
  GUARD TO SERVE UNCLE SAM AS NOW
  ORGANIZED...QUOTAS WHICH EACH STATE WILL BE
  FURNISHED...Illinois...6,6668"

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Newspaper Headlines

• 27 April Chicago Daily Tribune
• "SEVENTH LEAVES 'MID CHEERS...COL. MARENS
  KAVANAGH'S REGIMENT MARCHES THROUGH CROWD-LINED
  STREETS FROM ARMORY TO DEPOT"
• "FIRST CAVALRY OFF...YOUNG MEN START FOR
  SPRINGFIELD AT MIDNIGHT...TROOPS IN HIGH
  GLEE...BRAWNY LOT, MANY OF WHOM HAVE SEEN
  SERVICE...FAREWELLS AT THE TRAIN"
• "RALLY TO THE FLAG...CHICAGO'S SOLDIERS OFF TO
  THE SPRINGFIELD RENDEZVOUS AMID CHEERS AND TEARS"
• "CROWDS SEE THE SECOND GO...ARMORY IS BESIEGED BY
  AN ENTHUSIASTIC THRONG"

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Newspaper Headlines

• 30 April Galesburg Republican-Register
• "LEAVE FOR THE FRONT...GALESBURG SENT FORWARD
  TUESDAY NIGHT 100 OF HER BRAVE BOYS"
• 10 July Illinois State Journal
• "PATRIOTIC MOTHERS...THEY HAVE GIVEN THEIR ONLY
  SONS TO THE CAUSE OF THEIR COUNTRY AND OF
  HUMANITY...Mrs. John A. Logan- She has suffered
  enough, you will say -offers her son. He recently
  received his commission as army officer from
  President McKinley. John A. Logan jr., in all his
  prime has gone to war, and his mother bade him
  good-bye with brave face...(caption) Mrs. Logan,
  who would give her life to her country"

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Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines

• American forces, quickly overcame the Spaniards
  in Cuba.
• They then turned against Spain's last island in
  the Caribbean, Puerto Rico.
• Meanwhile, on May 1, 1898, the American captain
  George Dewey, with his Asiatic squadron,
  destroyed a small Spanish fleet in the harbor of
  Manila in the Philippines.

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Conditions for Soldiers

• Although the war was brief, soldiers still
  experienced terrible, war conditions.
• Camp life was often unbearable. The men slept in
  leaky tents which caused their clothes and
  belongings to remain soaked for days at a time.
• Poor sanitation, swampy campsites and spoiled
  food caused many of the men to suffer from
  diseases such as dysentery, malaria and typhoid.

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Newspaper Headlines

• 14 July Illinois State Journal
• "YELLOW JACK...FEAR OF FEVER...MEN WORKING IN
  TRENCHES IN MUD, NOT BOILING WATER AND EATING
  LARGE QUANTITIES OF TROPICAL FRUIT
• 24 August Illinois State Register (after the war)
• "FIRST ILLINOIS BOYS TALK OF CAMP THOMAS...LACKED
  GOOD WATER, FOOD, SANITATION AND MEDICAL
  ATTENDANCE

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Newspaper Headlines

• 17 April Galesburg Republican-Register
• "AMERICANS IN CUBA...MANY STARVED OR SLAUGHTERED
  BY THE SPANISH OFFICIALS
• 2 July Illinois State Journal
• "SPANISH OUTPOSTS CAPTURED...BLOODY VICTORY NEAR
  SANTIAGO...WITH BRILLIANT COURAGE THEY DRIVE THE
  SPANIARDS BEFORE THEM...WILL CELEBRATE THE
  GLORIOUS FOURTH IN THE DOOMED CITY"
• 3 July Illinois State Journal
• "SANTIAGO HILLS WET WITH PATRIOT BLOOD"

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Third Nebraska Volunteer Camp Havana, Cuba 1898.
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Uniforms and Equipment

• Another shortfall was the uniforms and equipment
  issued to the soldiers.
• Instead of modern rifles, Illinois troops, for
  example, were issued the outdated Springfield
  "Trapdoor" rifle.
• Similarly, while the pattern 1898 khaki uniform
  was issued to regular troops, Illinois soldiers
  continued to wear a woolen uniform, inappropriate
  for the tropical environment of Cuba and Puerto
  Rico.

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African Americans

• Although pro-war fever swept through the nation
  during the late 1890s, not all Americans
  supported the cause.
• African-Americans, especially, were divided on
  the war.
• Some African-Americans argued that an oppressed
  people should not take up arms on behalf of their
  oppressors.

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African American Soldiers

• Other African American soldiers believed that
  fighting for America would earn them respect and
  acceptance.
• African Americans who answered the calls to duty
  and did enlist, found themselves among white
  racism in the Army and the victims of anti-black
  violence.
• White Americans did not know how to react to the
  returning African American veterans. Some were
  met with speeches and parades while others were
  assaulted and lynched.

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Women in the War

• Women became officially recognized in the
  Spanish-American War as nurses for the medical
  departments of the Army and Navy.
• The Daughters of the American Revolution served
  as an examining board for evaluating female
  nurses.

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Peace Negotiations

• The U.S. went to war with Spain in April 1898 and
  the fighting was over by August of that year,
  when the US and Spain signed a preliminary peace
  treaty in Washington, D.C.
• Negotiators then met in Paris in October to draw
  up an agreement, and the Treaty of Paris was
  signed on December 10th.

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Newspaper Headlines

• 17 July Illinois State Journal
• "SPANIARDS QUIT SANTIAGO TODAY...SPAIN'S COLORS
  WILL FALL AT NINE O'CLOCK THIS MORNING"
• 18 July Illinois State Journal
• "OLD GLORY NOW FLOATS OVER SANTIAGO
• 13 August Illinois State Journal
• "HOSTILE ARMIES LAY DOWN ARMS"

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Treaty of Paris

• As a result of the Treaty of Paris, Spain gave up
  its sovereignty over Cuba (granted its
  independence) and gave the US ownership of the
  former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, and Guam.
• Business interests in the US also demanded the
  acquisition of the entire Philippine archipelago
  in the hope that Manila would become a trading
  post.
• McKinley forced the Spanish to sell the
  Philippines to the United States for 20,000,000.

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Cuba and Puerto Rico
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The Philippines
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Results

• Although, rebels in the Philippines and Cuba had
  looked to the Americans as saviors, the U.S.
  victory only replaced one imperial power with
  another.
• Months after the Spanish surrender, America was
  fighting its own colonial war against Filipino
  rebels. Intervention in Cuban affairs lasted
  until 1934 and left a residue of anti-Americanism.

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American Imperialism

• The new territory promised markets, military
  bases, and influence overseas.
• As a result of victory over Spain in the
  Spanish-America War, the United States emerged as
  a world power.
• The war reinforced the tenets of the Monroe
  Doctrine, established in 1823, which declared
  that US regards Caribbean region as its sphere of
  influence and the US could use force to protect
  it.

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Review-Reasons for the War Included

• Protection of American business interests in Cuba
• American support of Cuban rebels to gain
  independence from Spain
• Rising tensions as a result of the sinking of the
  U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor
• Exaggerated news reports of events (Yellow
  Journalism)

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Review-Reasons for American Interest in Cuba

• The U.S. was concerned about protection of
  American business interests in Cuba (specifically
  sugar).
• The U.S. was concerned about human rights abuses
  by the Spanish in Cuba.
• The U.S. supported Cuban rebels trying to gain
  Cuban independence from Spain.

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Puerto Rico

• Puerto Rico became a US Territory following the
  Spanish-American War in 1898 and its residents
  became US citizens in 1917.
• It has been a US Commonwealth since 1952.
• Commonwealths have their own constitutions and
  greater autonomy than "territories." Puerto
  Rico's constitution and government structure is
  similar to those of the 50 US states, and it
  participates in many US Federal government
  programs.

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U.S. Power

• The U.S. controls interstate trade, foreign
  relations and commerce, customs administration,
  control of air, land and sea, immigration and
  emigration, nationality and citizenship,
  currency, maritime laws, military service,
  military bases, army, navy and air force,
  declaration of war, constitutionality of laws,
  jurisdictions and legal procedures, treaties,
  radio and television--communications,
  agriculture, mining and minerals, highways,
  postal system Social Security, and other areas
  generally controlled by the federal government in
  the United States.

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Puerto Rico Controls

• Puerto Rican institutions control internal
  affairs unless U.S. law is involved, as in
  matters of public health and pollution.
• The major differences between Puerto Rico and the
  50 states are its local taxation system and
  exemption from Internal Revenue Code, its lack of
  voting representation in either house of the U.S.
  Congress, the ineligibility of Puerto Ricans to
  vote in presidential elections, and its lack of
  assignation of some revenues reserved for the
  states.

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Virtual Fieldtrip

• To take a virtual fieldtrip to Puerto Rico visit
  http//www.geog.nau.edu/courses/alew/ggr346/ft/ove
  rseas/?epr

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El Morro

• Construction at El Morro started in 1539 by
  Spanish settlers to defend the port of San Juan.
• By the late 18th century, El Morro's walls had
  grown to be 18 feet thick. Today El Morro has six
  levels that rise from sea level to 145 feet high.
  
• El Morro successfully repelled attacks from
  foreign powers such as the English (1595 and
  1598) and Dutch (1625). The British invaded
  Puerto Rico again in 1797, but no action took
  place at El Morro during that particular siege.
• El Morro's last active fight occurred during a
  naval bombardment by the United States Navy
  during the 1898 Spanish-American War.

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• Sources
• http//www.shsu.edu/his_ncp/AfrAmer.html
• http//www.il.ngb.army.mil/museum/HistoricalEvents
  /SpanishWar.htm
• http//www.il.ngb.army.mil/museum/HistoricalEvents
  /SpanishWar.htm
• http//www.il.ngb.army.mil/museum/HistoricalEvents
  /SpanishWar.htm
• http//www.smplanet.com/imperialism/teacher.html
• http//us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/108
  4.html
• http//www.britannica.com/eb/article-77836/United-
  States
• http//welcome.topuertorico.org/government.shtml
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_San_Felipe_del_M
  orro
• Images
• http//www.map-of-spain.co.uk/road_map_of_spain.ht
  m
• http//www.travelblog.org/Europe/blogs-page-1.html
  
• http//alai.cigb.edu.cu/images/Cuba/Cuba20Florida
  20map.gif
• http//www.cubatravelusa.com/
• http//lal.tulane.edu/programs/exhibits/caribbean2
  .htm
• http//www.viewimages.com/Search.aspx?mid2864066
  epmid1partnerGoogle
• http//www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/intro.html
• http//www.spanamwar.com/maineexplodes.htm

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Assignment

• Create a political cartoon that describes the
  role of the US in world affairs after the Spanish
  American War.

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Example