ERAs 7 and 8 Overview: TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 A REMARKABLE CENTURY

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ERAs 7 and 8 OverviewTWENTIETH CENTURY (1) A
REMARKABLE CENTURY
What were the major global changes in the 20th
Century?
Day Three, Session 3A Craig Benjamin
What was distinctive about the history of the
20th Century?
Did change create a better world?
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Within your students lifetimes Larger changes
than ever before

• For the first time, we get to discuss events
  within living memory
• That is one reason why the 20th century is
  important to us
• The other is that the changes in that century
  were faster than ever before
• Notice how tiny a period this is, yet
• More change has occurred in this one century than
  in all of preceding history

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TIME-CHECK Timeline 7 12 thousand years
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TIME-CHECK Timeline 8 1 thousand years
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Pt. 1 New Waves of Change

• Now that we have placed the century we are
  interested in into its proper chronological
  context, lets look at the new waves of change
  that took place
• We do this first by using maps to show how
  industrialization continued to spread throughout
  the century to different regions of the globe

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The Spread of Industrialization 1st Wave Late
18th Century
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The Spread of Industrialization 2nd 3rd Waves
Early-Mid 19th Century
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The Spread of Industrialization 4th Wave Late
19th-early 20th Century
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The 5th 6th WavesLate 20th century

• 5th wave mid to late 20th century
• Geography Industrialization spread to E. Asia,
  C. and S. America, the Middle East other areas
• Characteristics Multi-national corporations
  mass consumer markets
• New Technologies
• Electronics (accelerating information exchanges)
• Atomic power
• Genetic engineering
• 6th wave end of 20th, early 21st centuries
• Geography Capitalism ? former communist
  countries
• Technologies computers, genetic engineering
• Characteristics accelerating global exchanges

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The Modern Revolution Goes Global

• In the late 20th century, the Modern Revolution
  became a global phenomenon
• Ideas, goods, money could be exchanged rapidly
  throughout the world
• This is the root of the modern phenomenon of
  globalization
• The Modern Revolution has spread across the
  globe, creating todays paradoxical world

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The Spread of Industrialization 5th Wave Late
20th Century
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Pt. 2 Acceleration Change on a New Scale

• Change has been faster than ever before
• Acceleration in
• Population growth
• Density of settlement
• Energy use
• Industrial production
• Travel and information exchanges
• Global Environmental Impacts
• Impacts of war

www.dubbadoo.com/cities/
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Population Growth
www.mcmhospital.org

• In the 20th century, world populations rose from
• C. 1.6 billion, to
• C. 6 billion people
• It took 200,000 years to reach 1 billion people
• It took just over 100 years to add another 5
  billion people!

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Early
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Supporting more people means producing more goods

• Increasing Productivity
• Modern technologies can feed,clothe and equip far
  more humans in a given area
• This is why populations have risen so sharply!

www.bized.ac.uk/current
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Agriculture

• Between 1900 and 2000
• Total grain production has risen five times from
  
• 400 million tons, to
• 2,000 million tons
• The productivity of crop lands has increased by
  three times
• The key innovations
• Increased use of irrigation
• Artificial fertilizers
• New, more productive strains of crops
• Total agricultural production rose faster than
  population growth

www.dnalandmarks.com/ crops.html
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Human Energy Use Over 100,000 Ys(1,000 Cals. Per
day)
Total energy use in different eras
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Innovation revolutionized communications and
travel
FROM
AND
AND
TO
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In four generations, possibilities for travel
were transformed

• D.J. Bradleys great grandfather lived his whole
  life in an area of Britain c. 40 km square
• His grandfather traveled in an area about 10
  times as large (400 km square)
• His father went to war in Europe and traveled to
  the Americas (4,000 km square)
• He traveled throughout the world

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Acceleration in the pace and scale of travel
Life-time travel tracks for 4 generations of a
single family
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Weapons also became much more productive

• Planes and rockets could drop weapons from the
  air
• Submarines took warfare beneath the seas
• The power of explosive weapons increased
• TNT
• Fission weapons
• Fusion bombs (H-Bombs) these use the same forces
  that power our Sun the fusion of Hydrogen atoms
  into Helium atoms
• Humans can now
• wreak havoc on the
• scale of the asteroid
• impact that destroyed
• the dinosaurs!

www.ppu.org.uk/learn/ info/nuclearw.html
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The bomb that was to be dropped on Hiroshima on
Aug 6, 1945
This was a fission bomb. It lacked the power of
hydrogen bombs, but was still powerful enough to
kill c. 70,000 people immediately.
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The Impact of War

• The rising cost of warfare
• The increasing productivity of weaponry
• Two world wars
• Many regional wars and
• revolutions
• Civilian casualties
• in war have been
• far greater than in
• preceding centuries

www.thememoryhole.org
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(No Transcript)
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• Paradoxes Capitalism cannot exist
  without inequality
• There must be WAGE EARNERS and CAPITALISTS
• For traditional PEASANTS, the change has been
  painful as they have been deprived of land and
  turned into wage earners
• But capitalism generates wealth faster than ever
  before
• So it creates the possibility of wealth for
  everyone
• Both the positive and negatives sides of
  capitalism are visible in the 20th century

Pt. 3 The Changing Nature of Capitalism
www.beyondtv.org/ nato/crap/craps.htm
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Global Changes in Capitalism

• In less industrialized countries
• The gap between rich and poor countries widened
  during the 3rd and 4th waves
• In the 5th and 6th waves, many third world
  countries began to industrialize, and living
  standards in some areas began to rise
• But the gap between rich and poor countries
  remained
• In industrialized countries
• For most people, living standards declined at
  first
• In the 20th century, they began to rise fast
• Today, ordinary people in the developed countries
  live like kings and queens in the past
• But the gap between rich and poor remains large

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The Destructive Side of CapitalismPoverty in
the Developing World

• In 1900, in many regions of the world
• There were still agrarian civilizations
• There were still foraging communities
• Between 1900 and 2000, lifeways that had endured
  for thousands of years vanished
• For most people this was a painful process

www.art-platform.com/ pics/Van20Gogh20Vincen...
Peasant Sketch by Vincent van Gogh
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Regional Example Burkina Faso Moumouni the end
of the peasantry in Burkina Faso

• Paul Harrison, 1982
• Moumouni remembered that, when he was a child,
  only twelve people lived in his fathers
  compound. Now there were thirty-four, with five
  young men working away from home on the Ivory
  Coast. Land in the village is allocated by the
  chief on the basis to each according to his
  need Yet the villages traditional lands had
  not expanded at all. The additional land needed
  had been taken out of the five sixths that
  usually lay fallow. Fallow periods had been
  slowly whittled down over the decades, until they
  were now only four or five years, when at least
  twelve would have been needed to restore the
  exhausted fertility of the land.

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Moumounis world Burkina Faso
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Traditional Dwellings in Burkina Faso
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Farmers in Burkina Faso
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Declining PeasantriesRising Industries

• As in Britain during the Industrial Revolution
• A declining peasantry created cheap wage labor
• And expanded markets for consumer goods
• Stimulating Industry
• As Moumounis family
• declined, industry
• expanded in the cities
• of Burkina Faso

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The Capital Ouagadougou
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Industry in Burkina Faso
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At the University of Ouagadougou
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Developed and Developing Worlds

• The Atlantic Hub Region became the wealthiest and
  most powerful on earth
• The gap between the developed and developing
  worlds survived throughout the 20th century
• (The Communist Experiment was an unsuccessful
  attempt at catching up without capitalism!)

Lenin addresses Bolshevik Revolutionaries, Moscow
1917
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(No Transcript)
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Poverty Survived also in the 1st World
Hooverville near Seattle, 1930s. Shanty towns
were particularly common in the US in the 1930s
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Poverty in the USA
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The Positive side of Capitalism Consumer
Capitalism

• In the early days of industrial growth
• Cheap labor made for large profits, so
• As the rich got richer, the poor seemed to get
  poorer
• The gap between rich and poor widened sharply
• In the 20th century, a new problem arose
• In advanced industrial societies
• Productivity rose so fast, businesses began to
  run out of markets
• They realized they would have to sell to their
  own workers
• This meant paying them more so they could buy
  more goods
• So working class living standards began to rise
  Consumer Capitalism needs rich consumers
• But upper class standards kept rising too
• The gap between rich and poor widened, but more
  slowly

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New Rhythms of Change

• Malthusian cycles
• In traditional agrarian societies, innovation was
  slow
• Downturns were caused by insufficient production,
  because innovation was slow
• Business cycles
• In modern capitalism, innovation is very fast
• Downturns are caused by excess
• production, so businesses cannot
• make profits
• For the first time in human history,
• we are capable of producing
• too much!

ingrimayne.saintjoe.edu
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Consumer Capitalism and Ethics

• From a world in which
• Increasing consumption was regarded as a vice
• And restraint was a virtue for most people
• To a world in which
• Increasing consumption is necessary for the
  system to keep running
• And consumption is a virtue (listen to the ads)

www.unibas.ch/wwz/ wifor/zaeslin
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Consumerism!
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Transformed Lifeways

• The changing position of women
• In most agrarian societies,
• women were subordinate to men in public
• childbirth and rearing limited their options
• In industrial societies,
• women have more control over reproduction, and
• more resources, so childbirth does not limit
  their choices to the same extent

www.resistance.org.au
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Changing Roles for Women
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Capitalism and Living Standards

• Many people now have
• Longer Lives
• Healthier Lives
• More affluent Lives
• Capitalism holds out the
• promise of material plenty and security
• But for many others
• These possibilities have not been realized
• Famine, disease and insecurity are as real as
  they were in all earlier epochs of human history

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Capitalism and the Quality of Life

• Is life better today? Are people happier?
• Yes!
• Billions of people are
• healthier,
• more affluent and
• more secure than ever before
• No!
• Poverty Millions still live in dire poverty
• Work Most people work harder than ever before
• Stress Psychological problems may have increased
• New Dangers The world is constantly threatened
• with obliteration through the use of nuclear
  weapons

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What does the future hold for human beings?

• And what is your role in that future?