The Rise of The Middle Ages 432 1328

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The Rise of The Middle Ages 432 - 1328

• Timeline
• Pages 286 - 287

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Chapter 13

• The barbarian peoples who overran much of the
  Roman Empire brought with them behaviors and
  traditions that gradually developed into a new
  and distinct European civilization. In Chapter
  13 you will learn how new European societies and
  cultures arose from the ashes of Romes collapse.

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Section 1 The Rise of the Franks

• Main Idea A new European civilization arose
  based on Roman and Germans values and traditions.
• Charlemagne one of the strong rulers who helped
  bring order to Europe in the Middle Ages.

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Middle Ages

• For hundreds of years after the fall of the
  Western Roman Empire, Europe was the scene of
  widespread disorder and change.
• Middle Ages (400s 1500) roughly
• Time of transition for Europe
• Time between classical age and the beginnings of
  modern world

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Franks

• Franks did much to shape the new culture of
  post-Roman Europe
• Clovis becomes King of one of the Frankish tribes
• Clovis and successors were called Merovingian
• Ruled land that is today France
• When Clovis dies his sons divided his kingdom as
  was the custom

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Lots of Leaders

• mayor of the palace chief of the royal
  household
• Pepin II (r. 687 714) and successors unified
  Frankish Kingdoms
• Charles Martel (son of Pepin) nicknamed Charles
  the Hammer defeats the Moors at Tours
• Pepin III takes over next (son of Charles Martel)
• Pepin III coronation as King of Franks starts
  Carolingian line of Kings

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Leaders

• Pope confirms Pepins rule important
• European Christians believed Popes blessing came
  from God
• Donation of Pepin explain (becomes Papal
  States)
• Charlemagne son of Pepin greatest of all
  Frankish kings

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Charlemagne (r. 768 814) 46 years!!!

• Rule did much to bring civilization, order, and
  learning to barbarian Europe during the 800s
• Drove Moors back across the Pyrenees
• Charlemagne knelt, Pope Leo III places crown upon
  him, calls him Emperor of the Romans
• United most of Christian lands in Western Europe
• Inspired cultural rebirth by supporting
  education, creating libraries, sponsoring
  collection and copying of ancient Roman
  manuscripts

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Charlemagne

• Europeans considered him the successor to the
  Roman Emperors
• Capital at Aix-la-Chapelle today its Aachen
• Missi Dominici the lords messengers
• Travel the empire to hear complaints, investigate
  misconduct, and evaluate laws
• Ensured that subordinates throughout the empire
  were serving the emperor and not themselves

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Charlemagne

• Charlemagne placed great value on education
  although he had no formal education
• How could the focus on education help
  Charlemagnes children and empire as a whole?
• Treaty of Verdun (843) divided Charlemagnes
  empire among grandsons --- results???

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Vikings

• Most feared invaders of Western Europe during the
  800s and 900s
• From Scandinavia
• Vikings, or Norsemen, were Germanic
• Usually thought of as savage and cruel
• Pagan
• Normandy, French word for Northmen, Northwest
  France

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Section 2 Feudalism and the Manorial System

• Main Idea Feudalism and manorialism structured
  and organized European society in the Middle Ages
• Society in the Middle Ages was strongly shaped by
  relationships of loyalty and service between
  higher and lower nobles

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Feudalism

• Within 100 years of Charlemagnes death,
  organized, large-scale government in Europe all
  but disappeared
• By the 900s most Europeans were governed by
  small, local, independent leaders, most often by
  local lords
• Political organization these leaders represented
  was known as feudalism

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Feudalism

• Powerful nobles granted land to a lesser noble
• Lower noble could use the land and its products
  but could not own the land
• Lower nobles promised loyalty, military
  assistance, . To the lord who granted the land
• Vassal could subdivide his fief
• Vassal could also be a lord

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Middle Ages

• Wars were common in the Middle Ages
• Chain Mail
• Big armor (knights) was heavy and expensive
• Private wars continued until kings became strong
  enough to stop them
• Feudal trial was decided in one of 3 ways trial
  by battle, compurgation, or oath taking. There
  was also trial by ordeal

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Manorial System

• Manorialism shaped the economy of much of
  Europe during the Middle Ages
• Name comes from the manors
• Manors large farming estates that included
  manor homes, cultivated lands, woodlands,
  pastures, fields, and villages
• People who lived on manors needed to be
  self-sufficient

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Manorial System

• Peasants gave the lord some of their crops and
  helped to farm his land
• Peasants provided other services and paid taxes
• Long, long hours!!!
• Serfs
• Peasants usually lived, worked, and died in the
  villages where they were born
• Role of children work
• Classes

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Chivalry

• Code of conduct
• System of rules that dictated knights behavior
  towards others
• Brave, fight fairly, loyal, keep word, treat
  conquered foes gallantly, be courteous to women
• Had to belong to the noble class and go through
  training page and squire
• Coat of Arms

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Section 3 The Church

• What is separation of church and state?
• Main Idea The Roman Catholic Church was a
  central part of daily life in Europe during the
  Middle Ages
• Throughout the Middle Ages the Church was one of
  the few sources of leadership and stability that
  people could rely upon.

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The Church

• The Medieval Church had broad political powers,
  probably because Europes central governments
  were weak if they existed at all
• Church was also a great economic force
• Strict hierarchy of rank and responsibility
  priest, bishop, archbishop, cardinals, pope

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Church

• Priest and his parish could administer 5 of the
  7 sacraments
• Seven Sacraments baptism, Holy Communion,
  penance, matrimony, anointing the sick,
  confirmation, and holy orders (last 2 performed
  by the bishop)

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Church

• Bishops managed groups of parishes called a
  diocese
• Many bishops were feudal lords or vassals and
  some had vassals themselves
• Group of several diocese archdiocese managed
  by an archbishop
• Cardinals princes of the Church, advised pope
  on legal and spiritual matters new pope elected
  from College of the Cardinals

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Clergy

• Secular clergy Priests, bishops, Pope
• Regular clergy monks (nuns?)
• Monastic lifestyle withdraw from the world and
  its temptations to live a Christian life
• Formed religious communities
• Monasteries and convents
• Monasticism way of life in convent and
  monasteries

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St. Benedict

• Left Rome to worship God as a hermit
• Following got so big that he establishes a
  monastery at Monte Cassino
• Creates rules to govern monks lives
• Benedictine Rule adopted by monasteries and
  convents all over Europe
• Everything belonging to a monk belonged to their
  community even their time and labor
• Missionaries

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Political Role of the Church

• Many popes claimed that the Church held political
  as well as spiritual power over all monarchs
• Church had its own law canon law and its own
  courts
• Excommunication
• Interdict
• Heretics
• Medieval Church also had the power to tax tithe
  they also collected money from lands

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Politics and the Church

• Lay investiture practice of a noble, such as a
  king, appointing a friend or relative to be
  bishop or church official
• Simony buying high positions within the church
  hierarchy

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Reformers

• St. Francis of Assisi the Franciscans
• St. Dominic the Dominicans
• Both groups were dedicated to Church reform
• Members were called friars and lives and preached
  among the people
• Inquisition search for heretics thought to
  help stop opposition to Church doctrine.

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Section 4 The Struggle for Power in England and
France

• What rights are granted to citizens in the Bill
  of Rights?
• Main Idea Royal power gained supremacy over the
  power of the nobles in England and France during
  the Middle Ages
• King, nobles, and church leaders sought to gain
  power over one another during the Middle Ages

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England

• Romans leave England
• Germanic tribes moved into the island
  Anglo-Saxons
• Anglo-Saxons divide Kingdom into governmental
  districts called shires
• Vikings came into England and overran much of the
  country
• By 1042 the Danish (Viking) line had died out and
  the Anglo-Saxon nobles chose Edward the Confessor
  as the new king

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William the Conqueror

• Edward the Confessor was part Anglo-Saxon and
  part Norman
• When Edward died without leaving an heir in 1066,
  Duke William of Normandy claimed the English
  throne
• Anglo-Saxons put Harold of Wessex in power
• October 1066 William defeated Harold at the
  Battle of Hastings
• William the Conqueror

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England

• William ruled England from 1066 1087
• Doomsday Book count each shires people, assess
  landholdings, and measure type and value of
  property.
• The results helped the King set up accurate,
  central tax system

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England

• Traveling judges weakened feudal lords because
  the Kings royal court, not the lords feudal
  court, dispensed justice.
• Circuits
• Mercenaries
• During the 1100s, the 12 member jury developed in
  the court system
• Trial by jury determined guilt or innocence no
  longer by ordeal or combat

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Thomas Becket

• Archbishop of Canterbury
• Refused to allow his clergy to be tried in royal
  courts
• Becket vs. Henry II
• Knights kill Becket in Canterbury Cathedral
• Canterbury becomes a major pilgrimage site

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King John and the Magna Carta

• Taxing nobles for war in France
• Nobles join against the King 1215
• Threats forced King John to sign the document
  known as the Magna Carta (Great Charter)
• Protects liberty of the nobles
• Provides limited outline of rights for Englands
  ordinary people
• Means that the King as well as the people must
  follow the law
• Magna Carta made law the supreme power in England

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England

• Common Law laws based upon customs and judges
  decisions, rather than upon written codes
• Applied equally and in common to all English
  people
• Living law changes to meet changing conditions

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More power to the People

• Both the middle class and nobility could combine
  forces against the king
• Great Council becomes English Parliament
• House of Lords and House of Commons
• In France the check on the Kings power was
  called the Estates General

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Section 5 The Clash over Germany and Italy

• Main Idea Political conflict between the
  medieval popes and the German emperors weakened
  both sides
• When Pope John XII struggled with Roman nobles
  Otto helped him.
• Pope rewarded Otto by crowning him Emperor of the
  Romans

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Church vs. State

• Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII
• Lay investiture the appointment of bishops by
  temporal rulers
• Henry appoints bishops Pope gets angry at him
  excommunicates him
• Henry seeks the Popes mercy Canossa waits 3
  days to meet the Pope Pope revokes
  excommunication
• Concordat of Worms (agreement) emperor could
  appoint bishops to fiefs only Pope can appoint
  bishops

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Innocent III

• R. 1198 1216
• Strongest of the medieval Popes
• Believed that emperors and kings were no more
  than servants of the Church
• Uses excommunication and interdiction freely
• Strengthens the Church and increases its worldly
  power
• Forces King John to be his vassal