Chapters 19 and 20 Middle East

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Chapters 19 and 20Middle East
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• Landforms and Rivers
• 1. Tectonic Activity frequent earthquakes, Red
  Sea is getting wider
• 2. Mesopotamiabetween Tigris and Euphrates
  Rivers.
• Exotic Riversbegin in humid areas, travel
  thru dry areas.
• 3. Mountains
• a. Western edge of Arabian Peninsula
• b. Iran is mountainous with large plateau
  in the centerPlateau of Iran.
• c. Hindu Kush in Afghanistan

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• Climates
• 1. Rain in the winter
• 2. Rubal Khali desert in the Southern interior
• 3. more humid climates found in the mountains
  because of orgographic effect from Caspian Sea.
• 4. Arabian lowlands are hotsubtropical high
  pressure
• 5. Vegetation
• a. highlandsgrasslands
• b. tree in mountains
• c. soil is very salty in some places

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• 6. Number of animals is declining rapidly
  because of hunting.
• Natural Resources
• 1. oil and water
• 2. Water is in short supply
• a. oasissprings bubble to the surface
• b. deep wellsfossil water
• History and CultureSection 2
• 1. Fertile Crescent
• a. Mesopotamia
• b. Sumerians built first cities
• c. domesticated common plants and animals

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• 2. Persians had largest empire in the
  regions550 B.C.
• Section 3The Region Today
• 1. Economic Development
• a. Oil is responsible for most of the
  wealth. Saudi Arabia produces 8.5 million
  barrels a day.
• b. Most economies are not developed outside
  of oil.
• Must lessen dependence. Most
  governments take oil money.

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• 2. Urban environments
• a. traditional activities in older parts
  of cities.
• b. do have modern sections.
• 3. Issues with oil
• a. Saudi Arabia has 25 of known reserves.
• b. OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries. -Controls prices by
  controlling supply. Having trouble keeping up
  right now.

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• Chapter 20Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel
• Physical GeographySection 1
• 1. Turkey is in Europe and Asia. Anatolia
  Peninsula is Asia, Dardanelles area is Europe.
• 2. Turkey also experiences earthquakes. Folds
  and faults, mountains.
• 3. Rifts Valley in Israel, in which lies the
  Jordan River. Jordan River runs through the Dead
  Sea, the lowest elevation on earth at 1,312ft.

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• 4. Climates
• a. Mediterranean areas along the coast
  deforestation for 2,000 yrs.
• b. Syrian Desert in Jordan and Syria
• c. Negev Desert in Israel
• 5. Rich in mineral resources Dead Sea yields
  potash and magnesium.
• HistorySection 2
• 1. Roman Empire 200 B.C. to 106 A.D. Removed
  Christians from Palestine.

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• Byzantine Empire 400 A.D. after Western Roman
  Empire collapsed. Capital in Constantinople.
  Eastern Orthodox Church.
• 3. Crusades 1095 and 1200s
• a. Arabs invaded Jerusalem and got close to
  Constantinople.
• b. Arabs kept control of Jerusalem
• 4. Ottoman Empire in 1300s
• a. Muslim
• b. Held Middle East until World War I
• c. former Ottoman territories controlled as
  mandates, territories placed under another
  countrys rule, by Britain and France.

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• Palestine and Israel
• 1. Israel used to be the area of Palestine.
• Palestine is important to three religions
  Jewish, Christianity, Islam.
• Zionismmovement in late 1800s for Jewish
  homeland in Palestine.
• Jews faced discrimination because some thought
  they were responsible for crucifixion of Christ
  and money-lending.
• 5. Jews fled to Palestine during World War I and
  during the Holocaust.

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• British divided Palestine, then pulled out.
• Israel created in 1947 by the U.N. Jews voted to
  form their own government.
• U.S. recognition in 1948.
• Egypt, Syria, Jordan, attacked Israel, but
  beaten. Israel gained more territory.
• 800,000 Palestinian refugees.
• 11. 1967 War
• a. non-violent aggression towards Israel,
  which struck preemptively.
• b. Israel won the West Bank, Golan
  Heights, Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula.

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• c. Jerusalem in West Bank video of Israeli
  troops praying at Western Wall.
• 12. 1973 War
• a. Egypt and Syria achieved a surprise
  attack, but failed.
• b. Egypt did get back eastern side of Suez
  Canal
• 13. Camp David Accords
• a. Egypt recognized Israel, got back
  Sinai Peninsula.
• b. lead to assassination of Sadat

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• 14. Peace Process and Current Issues
• a. Palestinian Liberation Organization
  (PLO). Yasser Arafatdied 2004.
• Independent Palestinian State
• b. Settlement and territorial issues over
  West Bank and Gaza Strip.
• Gaza Strip given back in 2006
• c. West Bank provides 40 of Israels
  water. Palestinians are forced to use less
  water. Sea of Galilee in Golan Heights provides
  water.
• d. Israel attacked Lebanon in July 2006.
• Hezbollah.
• e. Hamas

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• Section 3
• 1. Economic Development
• a. Israel is most developed diamond
  cutting, chemical plants, and per capita GDP is
  20,000.
• b. Rest of the countries rely on
  agriculture and arent developed.
• Refugee problems hurt the economies.
• 2. Ethnic problems in Turkey with the Kurds.
• 3. Rapid urbanization because of high birth rates