Southern Brazil

1
Southern Brazil

• Group 5

2
Overview

• States
• Paraná
• Santa Catarina
• Rio Grande do Sul
• Area 576,409 km2
• Pop. 26,973,511
• Density 43.52/km2
• Where is it?

3
Paraná

• Capital Curitiba
• Population 9,150,000
• Largest number of
• inhabitants from Eastern
• European descent
• One of the highest standards of living in Brazil
• Largest grain-producing state
• Universidade Federal do Paraná Brazils first
  university

4
Santa Catarina

• Capital Florianópolis
• Population 5,098,448
• Most European state
• in Brazil
• Major industrial and agricultural center
• Northeast textile, electric-mechanical,
  furniture
• West cattle and poultry breeding
• South ceramics and shellfishes
• Beautiful beaches

5
Rio Grande do Sul

• Capital Porto Alegre
• Population 10,845,087
• Battlefield for several wars
• Focal point of internal rebellion in 1800s
• Rota Romântica - Tourist route through Serra
  Gaúcha
• German and Italian influence
• Vineyards
• German architecture

6
Oil Refineries

• Crude oil contains hundreds of hydrocarbons all
  mixed together
• The crude oil is heated, because different
  hydrocarbon chain lengths have different boiling
  points
• The chains are pulled out by their vaporization
  temperature

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Products from Crude Oil

• Petroleum Gas heating, cooking, and making
  plastics (boiling point (bp) 104 F)
• Gasoline motor fuel (bp 104 410 F)
• Kerosene Fuel for jet engines and tractors
• (bp 350 617 F)
• Lubricating Oil motor oil, grease, and other
  lubricants (bp 572 700 F)
• Coke, Asphalt, Tar starting material for making
  other products (bp gt1112 F)

8
Cracking

• Cracking takes large hydrocarbons and breaks them
  into smaller ones.
• Three Types of Cracking
• Thermal
• Steam breaks ethane into ethylene
• Visbreaking reduces viscosity
• Coking heats residual until it cracks into
  heavy oil
• Catalytic
• Fluid Catalytic Cracking cracks heavy gas oils
  into diesel oils
• Hydrocracking takes heavy oil and cracks into
  gasoline and kerosene

9
Unification

• Unification combines smaller hydrocarbons to make
  a larger one
• Catalytic reforming uses a catalyst to combine
  low weight naphtha into aromatics
• Creates hydrogen gas which is used in
  hydrocracking

10
Alteration

• Alkylation makes molecules from one fraction to
  produce another
• Low molecular weight compounds are mixed in the
  presence of a catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid
  or sulfuric acid to produce high octane
  hydrocarbons

11
Complete Oil Refinery

• An oil refinery is a combination of all of the
  previously discussed units.

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THE END

• ANY QUESTIONS?