Sui Tang Song and their tributaries Japan, Korea and Vietnam

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Sui -Tang Songand their tributariesJapan,
Korea and Vietnam
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(Han)-Sui-Tang-Song

• Block printing
• Porcelain
• Mechanical clock (water)
• Movable Type
• Gunpowder
• Paper money
• Magnetic compass
• Rice (champas or wet rice)
• bridges

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Early Dynasties

• Shang Dynasty1766-1122
• Zhou Dynasty1122-221
• Last 400yrs - warring states
• Qin Dynasty 221 -206 BCE
• Shi huangdi (1st emperor)
• Legalist philosophy
• First coinage, writing system,
• Censorship
• Lasts 15 years
• China- in 2,000 years - 23 dynasties - 9
  important ones

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Han Dynasty

• classical era
• Confucian based society
• Merit system-bureaucrats
• Paper porcelain invented
• For 400 years after fall of Han - time of great
  troubles
• Buddhism becomes popular in this period

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Post-Han China

• Period of the Six Dynasties (220-589CE)
• Bureaucracy collapsed
• Buddhism gained strength, replacing Confucianism
• Non-Chinese nomads rule much Chinese territory

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Era of Division vrs. Sui-Tang

• Era of Division
• dominated by political division among many small
  warring states often ruled by nomadic invaders
• period of Buddhist dominance
• growth of monastic movement
• loss of imperial centralization
• loss of dominance of scholar-gentry in favor of
  militarized aristocracy
• Sui-Tang
• return to centralized administration,
• unified empire
• reconstruction of bureaucracy
• reconstruction of Confucian scholar-gentry at
  expense of both Buddhists and aristocracy
• restoration of Confucianism as central ideology
  of state

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Sui Dynasty (589-618CE)

• Established by Wendi
• Lowered taxes
• Established granaries stable, cheap food supply

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Sui Dynasty (589-618CE)

• Yangdi replaced his father, Wendi
• Brought scholar-gentry back into the
  administration
• Built the Grand Canal which connected the south
  to the north allowing the south to proved grains
  to the north It also provided a method to get
  troops to the northern regions close to Korea
• Added on during the Tang and Ming dynasties but
  continued the connection
• Expensive construction
• New capital at Loyang
• Canals to link the empire
• Failed to conquer Korea and then defeated by
  Turkic nomads, led to widespread revolts
• Assassinated in 618CE

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Tang Dynasty (618-918)

• Sui unite China - rule for 30 years
• Tang
• Increased boundaries
• Heavy dependence on Militarism

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Tang Dynasty (618-907CE)

• Li Yuan won control of China
• First emperor minister (Wei Zheng)- model of
  good rule
• Imperial power and moral restraint in theory - in
  practice hard to maintain
• Tang armies extend to Afghanistan, dominating
  nomads on boarders
• Used Turkic nomads in military, assimilate into
  Chinese culture
• Great Wall is repaired
• Trade commerce grow
• Printing
• Arts- focus on landscape/nature
• Gun powder
• Woodblock printing
• Capital city Changan (eternal peace) 24 mile
  walled city
• Artistic / commercial invention continues in
  Song era

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Empress Wu

• Ruled for 50 years - 705
• Biggest challenge deal with scholar/gentry and
  old aristocrats
• Economy remained strong!
• Econ- equal land system
• Civil exam system
• Blow to noble class
• Social mobility
• Confucianism as official philosophy cultural
  literacy uniting China
• Buddhism - backlash
• Around 845...

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Tang Xuanzong (The Profound Emperor) and Consort
Yang
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Decline of Tang - Losing the Mandate of Heaven

• Xuanzong
• (Empress Wus grandson)
• Patron of arts
• Decline due to lack of morality?
• Blame consort- during rebellion, soldiers want
  her head - he gives it to them
• He abdicates

• Other reasons for decline
• 751 - loss to Arabs at Talas
• Equal land system breaks down
• Poor attention to canal irrigation systems
• Nomadic attacks
• Moral Chinas view
• Centralization unity peace (stability)
• Decentralization civil war

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East Asian Cultural Sphere under the Tang

• The influence of Chinese civilization spread
  throughout East Asia as neighboring countries
  study and borrow from Chinese civilization
• Sinicification
• Korea (Silla), Japan, and what is today Vietnam
  share in Chinese culture and the four countries
  are united by
• Confucian thought and social and political values
• Buddhism (in forms developed and refined in China
  after its origination in India)
• literary Chinese and its writing system which
  becomes the language of government and that used
  by the elites of these societies to communicate
  among themselves

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Song Dynasty (969-1279CE)

• Rise - 907 960 saw the fragmentation of China
  into five northern dynasties and ten southern
  kingdoms until Song unify
• Taizu reunited China under the Song
• Failed to defeat border nomads sets legacy of
  weakness
• Politics
• Not as strong politically or militarily as the
  Tang
• Strong support of Confucian values
• Neo-Confucianism emphasis on high morality,
  hostility to foreign influence, stress on
  tradition (stifled innovation), authority of men
• CHARACTERISTICS
• Scholar-gentry class dominates
• abuses in civil service exam develop
• Paper money
• Arts commerce
• 11C Needle compass (3rd century - South pointer)

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elements of Tang-Song economic prosperity

• The full incorporation of southern China into the
  economy as a major food-producing region, center
  of trade
• commercial expansion with West, southern Asia,
  southeast Asia
• establishment of Chinese merchant marine
• development of new commercial organization and
  credit techniques
• Use of paper money during the Song Era
• improved agricultural productivity with expansion
  of acreage, greater production per acre
• expanded urbanization throughout China.

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Song Dynasty 960-1279 CE

• Northern Song (960-1127)
• Based in Kaifeng
• Southern Song (1127-1279)
• Based in Hangzhou
• Move South due to barbarian pressure from the
  North

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Wang Anshi (1021-1086)

• Instituted reforms in
• Education
• Agriculture
• Taxes
• Military Conscription
• Government Financial Records
• Public Welfare Institutions
• These reforms were controversial, and met with
  much resistance which limited their efficacy.

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Urbanization and changing the nature of cities
from Tang to Song

• As in previous dynasties, the Song's largest
  cities were its capitals Kaifeng during the
  Northern Song and Hangzhou after the dynasty was
  confined to the South, (1127-1279).
• But unlike previous capitals such as the Tang
  dynasty's Changan, the Song capitals did not have
  walled off wards. Instead, they boasted a lively
  street life, with markets, shops, and restaurants
  about which we know in surprising detail. Kaifeng
  did have an external wall, but its population
  spilled beyond it. The wall we see in the scroll
  has lost its military purpose, but its gate
  seen here still forms an impressive entrance
  into the city.

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Commercialization paper money

• Helping to grease the wheels of trade was the
  world's first paper money.
• The basic unit of payment was copper coins strung
  on a string, but these were heavy and cumbersome
  for use in large-scale transactions.
• The Song solution was to print paper money
  Marco Polo's report of this was met with
  incredulity in the West.

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Rural markets to city

• Some of the products on sale in this city
  depicted in the scroll would have come from
  nearby farms, but others came from far away.
• Then, as still often now, donkeys did much of the
  work in the North. For heavy transport there were
  wagons and large wheelbarrows, while camels
  linked China to the world beyond the deserts.
• Water transport, however, has always been far
  cheaper than going over land. The South, with its
  many rivers and waterways, had an advantage in
  this respect, but northern cities too were served
  by water transport. Here we see men unloading
  bales of grain.
• International maritime trade also flourished
  during this time. Quanzhou in the Fujian region
  became a major center of trade with Southeast and
  South Asia, as well as with Korea and Japan.

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Increasing population

• New developments in rice cultivation, especially
  the introduction of new strains (champa) from
  what is now Central Vietnam, spectacularly
  increased rice yields.
• As a result the population, which had never
  before exceeded 60 million, grew to 100 million
  by 1127.
• The population continued to increase until it
  reached perhaps 120 million in the 13th century.
  The highest concentrations of people were in the
  rice-lands of the south, which was to remain
  China's economic heartland, linked to the North
  by the Grand Canal.
• Rice supports population increase because it
  yields more nutrition per land unit than any
  other grain. Rice was used primarily as food but
  was also used to brew the wine consumed in homes
  and taverns.

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Urbanizationrise of mercantile class

• By the end of the Song, 2/3 to 3/4 of the Chinese
  population is concentrated below the Yangtze.
• The Grand Canal, built during the Sui Dynasty,
  connects the Yangtze and the Yellow rivers,
  facilitating the transport of agricultural
  production from the south to the north and
  helping to unify the economy of China.

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Manufacturing

• The Song saw an impressive development of iron
  and steel production for agricultural tools, as
  well as for such new developments as chains for
  suspension bridges and drill bits for the sinking
  of wells with bamboo serving as natural pipe.
• Meanwhile steel tips increased the effectiveness
  of Song arrows also equipped with flame-throwers
  and "crouching tiger catapults" for throwing
  bombs. Gun-powder was also used to good effect in
  mining.
• The Chinese were also world leaders in
  ship-building including water-tight compartments
  and stern-post rudders. They navigated with the
  aid of (south-pointing) compasses, another
  Chinese invention.

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Footbinding indicator of change of role of women
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Regional and age differences in role of women

• The emergence of a new ideal of the
  "willow-waisted woman," a stronger advocacy
  against widow remarriage, the presence of some
  bound feet in Southern Song all suggest a decline
  in status of women.
• However, the control women gained over property,
  their ability to inherit, their control of family
  budgets, and of their children's education show
  that older women were not without authority.

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Culture

• Made refinements in the ideal of the universal
  man
• combined the qualities of scholar, poet, painter,
  and statesman
• Song intellectuals sought answers to all
  philosophical and political questions in the
  Confucian Classics.
• This renewed interest in the Confucianism
  coincided with the decline of Buddhism
• Seen as offering few practical guidelines for the
  solution of political and other mundane problems.

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Neo-Confucianism

• The Song Neo-Confucian philosophers, finding a
  certain purity in the originality of the ancient
  classical texts, wrote commentaries on them.
• The most influential of these philosophers was
  Zhu Xi ( b1130-1200), whose synthesis of
  Confucian thought and Buddhist, Taoist, and other
  ideas became the official imperial ideology from
  late Song times to the late nineteenth century.
• As incorporated into the examination system, Zhu
  Xi's philosophy evolved into a rigid official
  creed, which stressed the one-sided obligations
  of obedience and compliance of subject to ruler,
  child to father, wife to husband, and younger
  brother to elder brother.
• The effect was to inhibit the societal
  development of premodern China, resulting both in
  many generations of political, social, and
  spiritual stability and in a slowness of cultural
  and institutional change up to the nineteenth
  century.
• Neo-Confucian doctrines also contributed to the
  development of intellectual life in Korea,
  Vietnam and Japan as these doctrines take a
  dominant role.
• Army Area Handbook on China, written by Rinn-Sup
  Shinn and Robert L. Worden.

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Growth of new class

• In place of the hereditary aristocracy, which was
  unable to survive the turbulence accompanying and
  following the fall of the Tang dynasty, there
  developed a broader elite that, ideally, based
  its wealth on land ownership, its prestige on
  learning, and its political clout on access to
  office and office holders.
• Not a merchant class as was on the rise in
  Western Europe

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Increased learning

• The emergence of this class had much to do with
  the Song dynasty's commitment to rule by civilian
  bureaucrats (at the expense of the military)
  chosen by examination.
• In a society in which most people were
  illiterate, or at best semi-literate, the elite
  stood out by virtue of their reading and writing
  skills.
• Male learning was particularly stressed since it
  gave access to the examinations.
• The majority of examination candidates failed,
  but studying for the examinations produced men
  throughout the land who were educated in the same
  classic texts.

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decline of Buddhism in the later Tang and Song
dynasties

• Restoration of imperial government implied
  strengthening of traditional schools of
  Confucianism and resuscitation of scholar-gentry
  
• Confucians attacked Buddhism as a foreign
  innovation in China
• convinced emperors that monastic control of land
  represented an economic threat
• persecution of Buddhists introduced in 840s.

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Tang and the Song dynastiesSimilarities and
differences

• Similarities
• continued intellectual and political dominance of
  Confucian scholar-gentry
• growth of bureaucracy essential to imperial
  administration.
• Differences
• smaller in size
• unable to control nomadic dynasties of the north
• payment of tribute to nomadic states
• military decline with subjection of aristocracy
  to scholar-gentry
• failure of Wang Anshi's reforms led to military
  defeat.

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extension of Chinese culture to its satellite
civilizations differed from other global
civilizations

• Chinese culture extended only within semi-closed
  East Asian cultural system
• unlike Islam that spread from the Middle East to
  Africa and to South and Southeast Asia
• unlike common cultural exchanges between Islam
  and post-classical West
• East Asian cultural exchange occurred in
  semi-isolation from other global cultures.

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Splintering of North Southern Song

• Heavy dependence on growth of civilian government
  at expense of military
• By 1127, the Song court could not push back the
  Northern nomadic invaders
• Surrounded by north empires (Jurchin)
• Invasion of Mongols from North 1279
• Start of Yuan (Mongol Dynasty)

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Military

• Determined to keep power out of the hands of the
  military, the Song rulers reduced the status of
  its military men.
• No longer could officials move between the civil
  and military services, and sometimes soldiers
  were even tattooed to keep them from deserting.
• The Song were effective militarily due more to
  new technology than military skills

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North Southern Song
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Tang Song Influence on East Asia

• The influence of Chinese civilization spreads
  throughout East Asia as neighboring countries
  study and borrow from Chinese civilization
• Korea, Japan, and what is today Vietnam
• Confucian thought and social and political values
• Buddhism
• Literary Chinese and its writing system which
  becomes the language of government and that used
  by the elites of these societies to communicate
  among themselves.

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East Asian Rimlands Early Japan, Korea, and
VietnamTributaries
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Overview

• Yamato 300 700
• Prince Shotoku (574-622)
• 17 Article Constitution
• The Taika Reforms - (645)
• Nara Period (710-794)
• Heian / Fujiwara Period (794-1185)
• Heian is Koyoto
• Kamakura Shogunate / Feudal Period (1185-1333)
• Gempi Wars
• Civil War between Taira and Minamoto clans
• Bakufu (tent or military government)
• Yoritomo Minamoto
• Kamakura is new city (near Tokyo)
• Mongols (1274) (1282)
• Kamikaze

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Japan In the Middle Ages

• Yamato
• Taika Reforms (Tang)
• Nara (influence from Tang Dynasty)
• Fujiwara Heian (Koyoto)
• Kamkura (city) Minomoto (clan)
• Mongolians assault
• Oda Nobunaga (1534-82)
• ONIN WARS Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-98)
• Tokugawa during Renaissance

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Overview

• Yamato 300 700
• Prince Shotoku (574-622)
• 17 Article Constitution
• The Taika Reforms - (645)
• Nara Period (710-794)
• Heian / Fujiwara Period (794-1185)
• Heian is Koyoto
• Kamakura Shogunate / Feudal Period (1185-1333)
• Gempi Wars
• Civil War between Taira and Minamoto clans
• Bakufu (tent or military government)
• Yoritomo Minamoto
• Kamakura is new city (near Tokyo)
• Mongols (1274) (1282)
• Kamikaze

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Yamato Period (300-700)

• Imperial Family establishes Hegemony around 300
• Emperor as a Religious Figure
• Amaterasu the Sun-God
• Adoption of Chinese Writing / Record Keeping
• Religious Expansion
• Amaterasu Shintoism
• Buddhism

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From Prehistoric to Empire

• Main islands Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, and
  Shikoku
• Prehistoric Japan
• Marriage of Izanagi and Izanami
• Amaterasu
• Jomon people, 10,000 years ago
• Yayoi culture
• Yamamoto state
• Shotoku Taishi (572-622)
• Buddhism
• Shinto
• Disease (small pox)

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The Taika Reforms - (645)

• Complete Imperial and Bureaucratic System - Tang
  model
• Absolutist Rulers - Sons of Heaven
• Outlaw Private Ownership of Land
• Equal-Field System / Income Taxation
• Chinese Language reinforced - dynastic histories,
  literature
• Buddhist Construction Projects

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• Nara Period (710-784)
• Chinese state model
• Weakness
• Heian (Kyoto) Period (794-1185)
• Fujiwara clan
• Decentralized political system
• shoen farmland
• Emergence of the samurai (military retainer)
• bushido warrior code

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Dynasties

• Kamakura Shogunate (1185-1333)
• Minamoto Yoritomo (1142-1199)
• bakufu (tent government)
• shogun (general)
• Shogunate system
• Mongols
• Khubilai Khan demands tribute, 1266
• Invasion at Kyushu
• kamikaze (Divine Wind)
• Ashikaga shogun
• power to local landed aristocracy
• Onin War (1467-1477)
• Edo period (modern era)

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Japanese Economic and Social Structures

• Noble control of land, wealth in agriculture
• Commerce slow to develop
• Daily life
• Aristocracy
• Samurai, minor nobility
• Bushido
• Masses
• Agricultural
• genin, landless laborers
• eta, hereditary workers
• shoen, several villages
• women

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Japanese Societal RolesNara Heian
Kamakura

• Japanese women may have had a certain level of
  equality with men in early Japan, but later
  practices make it clear that women were
  considered subordinate to men.
• Men could, for example, divorce their wives for
  specious reasons, such as talking too much or
  being jealous.
• Although women did not possess the full legal and
  social rights of men, they played an active role
  at various levels of society.
• Aristocratic women were prominent at court, and
  some became known for their artistic or literary
  talents.
• During much of the history of early Japan,
  aristocratic men believed that prose fiction was
  merely vulgar gossip, and therefore beneath
  them. Consequently, from the ninth to the twelfth
  centuries, women were the most productive writers
  of prose fiction in Japanese. Women often appear
  in the paintings of the period, along with men.
• The women are doing the spring planting,
  threshing and hulling rice, and acting as
  salespersons and entertainers.
• Females learned to read and write at home, and
  they wrote diaries, stories, and novels to pass
  the time.
• From this tradition appeared one of the worlds
  great novels, The Tale of Genji, which was
  written by Murasaki Shikibu around the year 1000

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Feudal Japan

• Shogun over figure head emperor
• Warlords throughout the islands
• Served by Samuri
• Role was to protect their lord
• Not allowed to marry anyone beneath their social
  class
• Ronin were warriors who were not tied to a
  specific warlord
• Peasants and craftsmen
• Agricultural
• genin, landless laborers
• eta, hereditary workers
• shoen, several villages
• women
• Merchants at the bottom of the social ladder

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Japanese Culture

• Blend indigenous and imported elements
• Literature
• Adapted Chinese writing system
• Poetry and prose
• Murasaki Shikibu, Tale of Genji, c. 1000
• No, drama
• Art and Architecture
• Hand scrolls
• Zen Buddhism
• Landscape
• Tea ceremony
• Japan and the Chinese model

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Japan, China, and Korea, 600-800
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Korea

• Farming began about 2000 B.C.E.
• Chinese influence and rule
• Three Kingdoms (4th-7th centuries)
• Silla -- dominant power (668)
• Woodblock printing later moveable type
• Koguryo -- influenced by China, Buddhism, and
  Confucianism (early 10th century)
• Paekche 1 475 ce capital city, Hansong, was
  over-run by by Koguryo
• Unification
• Koryo dynasty
• social structure
• Buddhism
• Mongols 1231 conquest (corvée labor)
• Yi dynasty, 1392-1500 following the expulsion of
  the Mongolians and the fall of the Mongolian
  controlled Koguryo dynasty

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Vietnam

• Irrigated agriculture in area of the Red River
• Sinification
• Annam (northern Vietnam) later becomes Dai Viet
  with fall of the Song (Great Viet)
• Economic and cultural integration with China
  during Tang and Song
• Confucian system of government
• Champa
• March to the south
• Influenced by Malay and India as well as Chinese
• Imported fast-maturing Champa rice to China
• Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism
• Society
• Peasant masses