fertigation of potatoes

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Date 10-11-2011 Presented by
• Place Chengde Ir Steven Cafmeyer

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• China current situation and evolution
• China agriculture
• 15 of the land area can be cultivated (10 of
  worlds cultivated land)
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• supports 23 of the worlds population
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Major problems
• Industrialization/urbanization ? Arable land
  decrease
• Water scarcity
• Increase of population
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Challenges for the future
• Higher production due to increase of population
  (Production of additional 100 million tons of
  food each year)
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• How
• !- productivity of production areas! water use
  efficiency! improving yield, quality and
  efficiency
• !-intensification
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• High potential of potato not yet reached the top
  in contrast to wheat, rice and corn

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• China worlds largest potato producer
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• Position of China
• 22 of the global production 75 million ton of
  potato/year
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• BUT Yields remain low in China
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• Major biotic constraints
• low quality seed potatoes and diseases
• 1. common scab 2.Powdery scab 3,Rhizoctonia 4a
  and 4b Silver scurf 5. bacterial soft rot

CHINA (kg/mu) BELGIUM (kg/mu)
1000 3500 (15ton/ha 53ton/ha) 2700 4700 (40ton/ha-70ton/ha
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Advantages of potatoes
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• Agriculture must significantly improve its volume
  of production per unit of water used.
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Advantages of potatoes
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• popular vegetable in China (each year, the
  Chinese consume 40 kg per head)
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• inexpensive

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Irrigation and fertilization
•  History
• Irrigation and fertigation has been developed
  simultaneously in different countries as an
  answer to higher production need and water
  scarcity
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• 1960 Israel shortage of water for desert
  agriculture
• ?Development of drip irrigation
• ?Micro-irrigation system ? limited root zone
  development
• ?Fertigation

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Irrigation and fertilization
•  History
• The fertigation technique has rapidly spread all
  over the world in the last 40 years.
• MAIN REASON
• Minimize water use in agriculture because of the
  shortage of water caused by increasing urban
  demands, and boost productivity.
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• IN CHINAIntroduction in 1974Gradual development
  in 1975-1994Rapid development since 1995

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Irrigation and fertilization
•  Advantages of fertigation
• Safe water
• Safe nutrients
• Safe labor
• Increase agricultural productivity
• reduction of nutrient losses to the environment
• Improved nutrient availability. (Enhanced plant
  nutrient uptake.)
• Reduced fertilizer application rates and water
  requirements.
• Prevents salt injuries to roots and foliage.

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Water savings using different irrigation method
• Application Efficiency
• System Type ()
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• Surface Systems
• Furrow 35-65
• Surge 50-55
• Cablegation 50-55
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• Sprinkler Systems
• Set-move 60-75
• Solid-set 60-85
• High pressure center-pivot 65-80
• Low pressure center-pivot 75-85
• Linear-move 80-87
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• Microirrigation
• Drip 90-95 

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Fertilizers for irrigation 
• Why
• General Soil becomes only an anchor for roots
  Root volume is limited Increased demand for
  easy assimilable nutrients to keep growing
  parameters optimal. Water soluble formulas
• Potatoes Irrigated potatoes are usually grown on
  coarse-textured soils low in organic matter.
  Typically, these soils are sandy loams or
  loamy sands, low in native fertility, and quite
  acid. Because potatoes demand large quantities of
  nutrients and these soils lack ability to
  supply nutrients for crop growth, fertilizer
  use for irrigated potato production is
  important.

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Fertilizers for irrigation 
• Parameters for growth under fertigation
• Watering
• Depends on
• Root structure of plant
• Water holding capacity of soil
• Water demand of plant
• Potatoes
• Need light frequent uniform water application
  because of shallow root system
• In sandy light textured soils, micro sprinklers
  and fertigation are used with applications of
  frequent, even daily or several times a day,
  small doses of water and nutrients.
• On heavy clay soils, sprinkler irrigation lines
  are used with either basal fertilization only
  during soil preparation or splitting the N
  application with the irrigation schedules until
  flowering.
• Tailoring the timing and depth of water
  applications to specific stages of the potato's
  growth cycle can help reduce water usage.

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Fertilizers for irrigation 
• Parameters for growth under fertigation
• Soil and Uptake of nutrients

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Plant growth
• Growth stage I Vegetative Growth
• Sprouts emerge and form vegetative leaves.
• Roots begin to develop at the base of emerging
  sprouts
• Photosynthesis begins
• Maximum sensitivity to water stress
• Growth stage II Tuber Initiation
• Tubers begin to form on stolons, foliage
  continues to develop.
• In most cultivars the end of this stage coincides
  with early flowering

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Plant growth
• Growth stage III Tuber bulking
• Tuber enlargement.
• Maximum use of water
• Accumulation of nutrient and carbohydrates
• Growth stage IV Maturation
• Tuber skin thickens
• Vines begin to senesce.
• Tuber dry matter content reaches a maximum

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• General Fertilization
• Nutrient demand
• A potato crop yielding 4,6 tonnes of potato per
  mu may take up from soil during growth

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• General Fertilization
• Negative values during senescence. (Biomass and
  nutrient loss occurs to a different extent
  because of leaf litter, resorption of tubers,
  catabolism of organic compounds, processes of
  remobilization and translocation within the plant
  and not least, also back into soil.)

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Fertilizer recommendations (For an average potato
  yield on sandy soils)

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Fertilizer recommendations (For an average potato
  yield on sandy soils)
• MAP Long-acting N Water soluble P2O5to
  ensure good plant availability, and a quick start
  of the crop. 12N (12 N-NH4), 61,0P2O5
• CAN27 Balance between long-acting N and
  fast-acting N Calcium strengthens cell walls
  and reduces potential stress. 27N (13,5
  N-NO3, 13,5 NH4), 6CaO
• SOP Potassium as K2SO4, not as KCl, for higher
  dry matter content and higher starch
  content. 50 K2O, 46 SO3
• CALAMAG Water soluble Calcium and Boron together
  in one fertilizer will reduce scab infestations.
  Boron improves mobility of Calcium inside,
  which lead to higher concentrations of Calcium
  within the skin. N as nitrate is readily
  available for the plant throughout the grow
  season. Magnesium for a constant photosynthesis
  which guarantees production and quality. 14N
  (13,25N-NO3 and 0,75N-NH4), 17CaO, 5MgO,
  0,10B
• KNO3 Potassium together with nitrate 13N (13
  N-NO3), 46 K2O

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Deficiencies
• stunted growth
• yellowing of the older leaves
• dieback of the vine
• poor yields
• accentuate early blight and Verticillium wilt

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
Calcium omitted tubers dwarfed and useless.
  Complete mineral nutrient tubers normal
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
Silverscurf
Normal scurf
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• CALAMAG
• What?

Total Nitrogen N 14.00 of which Nitrate
nitrogen NO3 13.25 of which Ammonium nitrogen
NH4 0.75Calcium oxide CaO 17.00 Magnesium
oxide MgO 5.00 Boron B 0.10
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• CALAMAG
• Why?  
• N As nitrate Readily available throughout
  entire grow season Increase of tubers, roots,
  foliage, tuber growth
• Ca At the right time in the immediate vicinity
  of tuber growth Improve tuber quality As
  CaNO3 for easy uptake by the plant Control of
  scab diseases and scurf B Improves mobility of
  Ca within the plant Increase calcium
  concentration in the skin
• Mg Excellent photosynthesis

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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• Environmental protection

Micro-irrigation (especially drip-irrigation) and
fertigation higher yields/mu more
efficient use of water more efficient use
of fertilizer
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)
TABLE 1 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses TABLE 1 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses TABLE 1 Nutrient Deficiencies and Excesses
ELEMENTS DEFICIENCIES EXCESSES
Nitrogen Reduced total yieldReduced tuber sizingPale stunted foliage Delayed maturityExcessive top growthHollow heart growth cracksIncreased susceptibility to diseaseReduced tuber specific gravityDifficulty in top killing
Phosphorus Reduced early vigorDelayed maturityReduced yield Ties up other elements such as calcium and zinc
Potassium(Potash) Reduced nitrogen uptakeReduced yieldIncreased storage black spot Reduced tuber specific gravityReduced calcium and/or magnesium uptakePoor soil structure
Calcium Reduced root growthIncrease of resistance against Scab and Scurf diseaseDeformed foliage growth tipsReduced yieldReduced tuber qualityPoor soil structure Reduced magnesium uptake
Magnesium Reduced photosynthesis rateReduced yieldReduced tuber formation Reduced calcium uptake
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FERTIGATION OF POTATOES (Solanum tuberosum)

• THANK YOU