Title: principle of growth and development -psychology
1PSYCHOLOGY..
Report no.1
- Courage is what it takes to stand up and speak
but courage is also what it takes to sit down and
listen.
2 Principles of growth and development
- Principles -a fundamental primary or
general law or truth from which others are
derived.
3 Principles of growth and development
4 Principles of growth and development
- GROWTH- refers to an increase in some quantity
over time. The quantity can be - Physical (e.g. growth in height)
- Development-
- is systematic and orderly change organisms
experience as they live and either gain or lose
abilities.
5 Principles of growth and development
- 1. Growth is a personal matter
- 2. Growth comes from within
- 3. Growth is gradual and orderly but uneven
- 4. Growth has certain characteristics common at
particular stages - 5. Development proceeds from the head downward
- 6. Development proceeds from the center of the
body outward. - 7. Development depends on maturation and
learning. - 8. Development proceeds from the simple
(concrete) to the more complex. - 9. Growth and development is a continuous
process. - 10. Growth and development proceed from the
general to specific - 11.There are individual rates of growth and
development
6Mechanism- a fundamental process responsible for
natural phenomena.
7Heredity AND MATURATION
8Heredity AND MATURATION
- Heredity-is the passing of traits to offspring
(from its parent or ancestors). This is the
process by which an offspring cell or organism
acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism
9Heredity AND MATURATION
- Maturation- is the emergence of personal and
behavioral characteristics through growth
processes.
10Heredity AND MATURATION
- There is a set of principles that characterizes
the pattern and process of growth and
development. - These principles describe typical development as
a predictable and orderly process - that is we can predict how most children
will develop and that they will develop at the
same rate and at about the same time as other
children. - Although there are individual differences in
childrens personalities activity levels and
timing of developmental milestones such as ages
and stages the principles and characteristics of
development are universal patterns.
11Heredity AND MATURATION
- Certain characteristics are typical of certain
ages but these are only guides and not set
rules. - Each child grows in his own way.
- One child may progress slower than another and
still he is perfectly healthy and within the
range of development appropriate for his age.
12Heredity AND MATURATION
13Heredity AND MATURATION
Dna- BASIC UNIT OF HEREDITY..DETERMINES MANY
ASPECT OF OUR BIOLOGICAL MAKE-UP
14Heredity AND MATURATION
15Heredity AND MATURATION
16Heredity AND MATURATION
- Human beings are product of nature and nurture.
Their development is controlled by the action of
both hereditary and environment. They grow and
develop over time or on a developmental schedule
known as maturation.
HEREDITARY ENVIRONMENT DEVELOPMENT
17Heredity AND MATURATION
- Development should not be confused with
maturation. - Development refers to the quality of behaviour
- Maturation refers to the state of the body and
its readiness for behaviour.
18Heredity AND MATURATION
- HEREDITY
- is transmission of traits from parents to
off-springs. gives the human individual a
similarity to other organism and also
uniqueness. - It partly provides the equipment with which
the human organism operates and hence control
the level of efficiency.
GENES -are submicroscopic particles in
chromosomes. They are the unit carriers of
heredity.
19Heredity AND MATURATION
20Heredity AND MATURATION
21- The nucleus of each human cell holds 46
chromosomes. - They are responsible for all genetic traits (such
as eye color). - Twenty-three chromosomes are inherited from the
mother (via her egg) and 23 from the father (via
his sperm). These two separate sets of 23
chromosomes carry the same genes and pair up with
each other upon conception. As a result the 46
chromosomes are thus organized into 22 pairs of
chromosomes called gene pairs. The 23rd pair
contains the sex chromosomes(XY).
22Heredity AND MATURATION
- DEVELOPMENT is systematic and orderly change
organisms experience as they live and either gain
abilities. - As a child develops he or she adds to the skills
already acquired and the new skills become the
basis for further achievement and mastery of
skills. Most children follow a similar pattern.
Also one stage of development lays the
foundation for the next stage of development. For
example in motor development there is a
predictable sequence of developments that occur
before walking. The infant lifts and turns the
head before he or she can turn over. Infants can
move their limbs (arms and legs) before grasping
an object. Mastery of climbing stairs involves
increasing skills from holding on to walking
alone.
23Heredity AND MATURATION
- Development should not be confused with
maturation. - Development refers to the quality of behaviour
- Maturation refers to the state of the body and
its readiness for behavior
24Heredity AND MATURATION
- HEREDITY is transmission of traits from parents
to off-springs. Heredity gives the human
individual a similarity to other organism and
also uniqueness. It partly provides the
equipment with which the human organism operates
and hence control the level of efficiency. - GENES are submicroscopic particles in
chromosomes. They are the unit carriers of
heredity.
25Heredity AND MATURATION
26Heredity AND MATURATION
Genes always work in pairs. They are either
dominant or recessive. A dominant gene is one
whose characteristic will be dominant when paired
with another gene. A recessive gene is one
whose characteristic will not be produced when
paired with a dominant gene.
27Heredity AND MATURATION
CAUSES OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
28Heredity AND MATURATION
- Genes from an unbroken line of transmission from
one generation to the succeeding generations. - What is transmitted through heredity can be
changed only by changes in the genes which is
called mutation. - All tissues and organs which participate in
behaviour such as brain the sense organs and
muscles develop according to the direct control
of the genes.
29Heredity AND MATURATION
- Sex-linked traits such as baldness color
blindness and haemophilia are produced by the
genes responsible for determining sex. They
usually skip a generation since the females are
the carriers of these traits. - In some cases of prenatal development
monozygotic or identical twins result. - In contrast dizygotic or fraternal twins
develop from two separate zygotes each produced
by the union of a separate sperm cell with a
separate egg cell.
30Heredity AND MATURATION
31Heredity AND MATURATION
- Environment
- Includes all the conditions in the world that
influence behavior growth development or life
processes in any way. Environment may be external
(air trees houses etc.) internal (the lymph
fluids and blood etc.) and social (includes the
other human beings who in any way influence us).
32Heredity AND MATURATION
- The development of the organism is controlled by
the action of both heredity and environment - formula
-
- HEREDITY X ENVIRONMENT X TIME
Developmental Level
33Heredity AND MATURATION
- Heredity determines how high a level of
development a given environment a given
environment can bring about in a given period of
time. - Environment determines how effective certain
heredity can be influencing development over a
given amount of time.
