China

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China

• Mr. Birkmeier

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HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTINUITY

• The Chinese people have shared a common culture
  longer than any other group on Earth.
  
• The Chinese writing system, for example, dates
  back almost 4,000 years.
  
• From around 200 BC to 1911 CE china had been
  ruled by dynasties
  
• The dynastic system was overturned in 1911, and a
  weak republican form of government existed until
  1949. In that year, after a long civil war, the
  People's Republic of China, with a Communist
  government, was proclaimed.

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BEGINNINGS AND EARLY HISTORY

• Archaeological evidence suggests that China is
  one of the cradles of the human race.
  
• The earliest known human in China, whose
  fossilized skull was unearthed in Shanxi Province
  in 1963, is believed to date back to 600,000 BC.
  
• This was an early form of Homo sapiens, or modern
  man, who made tools out of bones as well as
  stones, made clothes out of animal hides, and
  knew how to make fire.

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SHANG DYNASTY (1766-1122 BC)

• The Chinese had settled in the Huang He, or
  Yellow River, valley of northern China by 3000 BC
  
  
• The Shang Dynasty is the first documented era of
  ancient China
  
• The highly developed hierarchy consisted of a
  king, nobles, commoners, and slaves
  
• The Shang peoples were known for their use of
  jade, bronze, horse-drawn chariots, ancestor
  worship, and highly organized armies.

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ZHOU DYNASTY (1122-221 BC)

• During this period the empire was unified, a
  middle class arose, and iron was introduced.
  
• The sage Confucius (551-479 BC) developed the
  code of ethics that dominated Chinese thought and
  culture for the next 25 centuries.

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CH'IN EMPIRE (221-206 BC)

• Received the name China
• Feudal System replaced by governors.
• Census taking and standardization of the writing
  system and weights and measures
  
• The Great Wall of China was created to protect
  China from northern invaders

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The Great Wall

• 1,500 miles long
• 15 to 50 feet high
• 15 to 25 feet wide

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THE HAN EMPIRE (202 BC-AD 220)

• Han rulers lifted the Ch'in ban on philosophical
  and historical writings.
  
• The leader asked for the services of men of
  talent, not only to restore the destroyed
  classics but also to serve as officials in the
  government.

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Han culture

• The Chinese made great advances in mathematics
  and also have great pieces of art and literature
  from the Han periods.
  
• The Chinese were most advanced in astronomy. They
  invented sundials and water clocks, divided the
  day equally into ten and then into 12 periods,
  devised the lunar calendar that continued to be
  used until 1912, and recorded sunspots regularly

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Han Culture Continued

• Other innovations were of a more practical
  nature wheelbarrows, locks to control water
  levels in streams and canals, and compasses
  
• Many Han emperors favored Taoism, especially the
  Taoist idea of immortality.

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Taoism Video
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THE MING DYNASTY (1368-1644)

• The Ming produced two unique contributions the
  maritime expeditions of the early 15th century
  and the philosophy of Wang Yang-ming.
  
• The Chinese sailed the South Pacific, the Indian
  Ocean, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf.
  
• During the second half of the Ming Dynasty,
  European expansion began.

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Yin and Yang

• Yin and Yang are the forces in nature that are
  thought to balance each other.
  
• Yin is regarded as female, passive and earthly.
• Yang is considered to be male, active and
  heavenly.

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Tai Chi

• An ancient art to bring a balance to both the yin
  and the yang.
  

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The Three Schools of Thought

• Confucianism
• Daoism
• Legalism
• Confucian ideas about human behavior were
  rejected.
  
• Believed that people would only respond to
  rewards and punishments, not to good examples.

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Confucianism

• Confucius developed ideas about how to restore
  peace and ensure harmony.
  
• Five relationships that govern human society
• Ruler and Ruled
• Father and Son
• Older brother and younger brother
• Husband and wife
• Friend and Friend

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Taoism

• Emphasizes the link between people and nature
  rather than the importance of relationships
  between peoples.

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Examples of Confucianism and Daoism

• If a ruler himself is upright, all will go well
  without orders. But if he himself is not
  upright, even though he gives orders, they will
  not be obeyed.
• The ducks legs are short, but if we try to
  lengthen them, the duck will feel pain. The
  cranes legs are long, but if we try to shorten
  them, the crane will feel grief. Therefore we
  are not to cut off what is by nature long, nor to
  lengthen what is by nature short.

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YOUR TURN!!!

• Create your own statements
• One of them should be Taoist and the other
  Confucius.
  
• Remember that Confucius dealt more with
  interpersonal relationships whereas Taoism deals
  more with the relationship between humans and
  nature.
• We will share these with the class.

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Buddhism

• The most recent religion to play an important
  role in China
  
• Began in India
• Taught value of compassion and love and kindness
• 650 AD Buddhist scriptures were brought back to
  China

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The Dynastic Cycle in China

• In your books on pg. 329 take the graph of the
  dynastic cycle and draw it onto your paper.
  Under your graph answer the question that is
  asked in the shaded box above.
• I will walk around and check your journals and
  notes at this time for points.

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Filial Piety

• Respect of the families interests by the
  children
  
• Children put families interests ahead of theirs
• Parents expected complete obedience and respect
• The bamboo stick spoils the child

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Ancestor Worship

• Extended family includes the living, the dead and
  all future generations
  
• Memorial services paid respect to ancestors
• Families would offer food and clothing to their
  ancestors

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European Imperialism

• British and other Western nations traded Opium to
  China
  
• The trade created addiction throughout much of
  the country and also drained the country of its
  silver.
  
• The Chinese tried to make the trade illegal and
  destroyed a British ship that was carrying
  Opium.
  

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 The Opium War

• First Opium War, fought from 1839 to 1842
• The Chinese were no match for the British
• Chinese weapons were old and outdated

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Treaty of Nanjing

• Ended the Opium War
• Emperor agreed to pay for Opium that had been
  destroyed
  
• Gave the British Hong Kong
• Extraterritoriality
• Westerners accused of a crime in China would be
  tried in their own court systems (not Chinese
  Courts)

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Open Door Policy

• US feared that European nations were going to
  colonize China and make a large profit. (sphere
  of influence special economic privileges)
  
• To stop this the US asked them to support an
  open door policy in China. All nations would
  have equal access to trade with China.
  
• Policy failed but US used it to protects its
  right to trade with China.

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Revolution on its way