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PSY 335A Drugs and Behavior

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The 1960s: the pill. Drugs can alter normal physiological processes ... Identification with an accepting sub-culture. Positive and negative reinforcement ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: PSY 335A Drugs and Behavior


1
PSY 335A Drugs and Behavior
  • Introductory Class
  • Please bring your laptops from time to time

2
Drug use and abuse
  • Does advertising prescription drugs increase
    their use?
  • Does discussing drugs encourage their use?
  • E.M. Brecher How to launch a nationwide drug
    menace
  • What are the effects of courses like this one?

3
Drugs and Behavior
  • Course overview Web site and syllabus
  • Discussion and questions
  • Drugs and behavior in the disciplines
  • Classification schemes
  • Juliens classification scheme

4
Drugs and Behavior in the Disciplines
  • DB is at the interface of medical science and
    psychology
  • Pharmacology and Behavioral Medicine
  • Psychopharmacology
  • Neuropharmacology
  • Neuropsychopharmacology
  • Contributing disciplines

5
Classification Schemes
  • Dichotomous classification schemes
  • Prescription vs. OTC
  • Therapeutic vs. recreational
  • Licit vs. illicit
  • Uppers vs. downers
  • Financially viable vs. non-viable
  • Orphan Drug Act (1983)

6
More classification schemes
  • By mechanism or site of action
  • By chemical structure
  • By source or origin, eg. opiates
  • By single effect
  • EEG-shift (Fink, 1968)
  • ANS effect Parasympathomimetic vs.
    sympathomimetic
  • By main effect Juliens scheme

7
Juliens classification schemes
  • 1978 Five categories
  • Sedatives and hypnotics
  • Stimulants and convulsants
  • Narcotic analgesics
  • Antipsychotic agents
  • Psychedelics and hallucinogens
  • 2001 Five categories

8
Juliens 2001 classification
  • I. Sedative-hypnotic drugs
  • II. Stimulants
  • III. Analgesics
  • IV. Hallucinogens and psychedelics
  • V. Drugs used to treat psychological disorders

9
Julien (2001) continued...
  • Julien also discusses other drugs that do not fit
    into his classification scheme, especially
    anabolic-androgenic steroids
  • Juliens scheme is followed, more-or-less, by
    Meyer Quenzer (2005) and by Maisto et al. (2008)

10
Classification Schemes
  • Dichotomous classification schemes
  • Prescription vs. OTC
  • Therapeutic vs. recreational
  • Licit vs. illicit
  • Uppers vs. downers
  • Financially viable vs. non-viable
  • Orphan Drug Act (1983)

11
Basic Terminology of Drug Action
  • What is a drug?
  • Drugs, foods, and the FDA
  • Chemical name vs. generic name vs. Trade Name vs.
    street name
  • Dosage and administration
  • Illicit drug use
  • Deviant drug use
  • Drug misuse and drug abuse
  • Drug addiction

12
Multiple or Polydrug UseInteractions
  • Agonist effects Aspirin and anticoagulants
    many drugs and grapefruit juice
    (fumarocoumarins) Xanax, Zoloft, Allegra,
    Tegretol, Lipitor(Longer list here)
  • Synergistic effects, also called potentiation.
    The histamine receptor antagonists Zantac or
    Tagamet potentiate alcohol Two glasses of wine
    make one drunk.
  • Antagonist effects Caffeine and sedatives
    nicotine and Darvon

13
Drug effects
  • Every drug has potential for both good and bad
    effects
  • Thus, each drug has more than one effect
  • Drug effects are dosage-dependent
  • Drug effects are socially and psychologically
    influenced.

14
Types of drug effects
  • Therapeutic effects
  • Main effects
  • Side effects
  • Specific drug effects
  • Nonspecific drug effects
  • Individual differences
  • Social and psychological influences
  • Placebo effects

15
Ray and Ksir(2003) four revolutions in drug use
  • The 19th century vaccines
  • Drugs can prevent physical illness
  • The first half of the 20th century antibiotics
  • Drugs can cure physical illness
  • The 1950s psychopharmacology
  • Drugs can treat mental illness
  • The 1960s the pill
  • Drugs can alter normal physiological processes

16
Psychology and Sociology of Drug Use Epidemiology
  • How could you go about finding the number of
    users of a particular drug, say marijuana, in
    your high school?
  • What problems would you encounter that might make
    the estimate unreliable?
  • Would the problems be different if you were to
    try to find the number of users of marijuana at
    Houghton?

17
Epidemiology Data collection
  • Track manufacture, transport, and sales
  • Track ER visits and hospitalizations (DAWN)
  • Track police reports and court records
  • Survey
  • Is the sample representative and inclusive?
  • Are the answers honest?
  • Are participant biases consistent over time?

18
Epidemiology Marker variables
  • Correlation and factor analysis
  • Age and gender factor with drug use
  • Extreme poverty (and perhaps extreme wealth)
    correlates with higher drug use (but the middle
    ranges of socioeconomic status do not differ in
    drug use)
  • Personality traits do not correlate with drug
    use, but social nonconformity does.

19
More epidemiology
  • Risk factors
  • Parents
  • Education
  • Peers
  • Early experience with alcohol
  • Emotional pain
  • Protective factors
  • Parents
  • Education
  • Peers
  • Religious and prosocial activities
  • High self-esteem

20
Epidemiology Antecedents
  • Longitudinal studies
  • Are there gateway drugs?
  • What is the interaction effect of peers and
    parents?
  • What are the triggers?
  • Stupidity and rebellion
  • Identification with an accepting sub-culture
  • Positive and negative reinforcement

21
  • 1. Have you seen any of the new anti-drug
    advertisements? Do you think they will be any
    more effective than the previous Brain-as-Egg
    campaign? Why or why not?

22
  • 2. Did you participate in any drug use prevention
    programs in school? If so, did you find them
    effective?
  • How could they be improved?

23
  • 3. "Positive parental involvement in childrens
    lives reduces the likelihood of drug use. Parents
    must understand that they -- not schools,
    community groups, or the government -- can make
    the biggest difference in childrens attitudes
    and values."
  • Do you agree that parents can make the biggest
    difference? In what ways did your parents
    influence your attitudes and behaviors regarding
    drug use?

24
Drug names
  • (S)-N, a-dimethylbenzeneethanamine
  • methamphetamine
  • Desoxyn
  • Speed
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