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8th Grade Review

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Music written for the reason of personal enjoyment. This is music ... Phantom of the Opera. Les Miserables. Jesus Christ Superstar. Opera. Sung Drama. Ballads ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: 8th Grade Review


1
8th Grade Review
  • Mr. Simmons
  • Mr. Fuller

2
Functions of Music

3
Functions of Music
  • Recreational
  • Ceremonial
  • Artistic Expression

4
Recreational
  • Music written for the reason of personal
    enjoyment
  • This is music you listen to have fun.

5
Ceremonial
  • This is music written for a purpose. Some times
    it has religious meanings. You may hear
    Ceremonial music
  • In Church
  • At an Indian Pow Wow
  • At a West African Tribal Council (Survivor)

6
Artistic Expression
  • Music written for an audience. Some times you
    have to pay to see the performance.
  • Examples
  • MSU Jazz Concerts
  • MSU Concert Band
  • RCMS Concert Band

7
Music Elements
  • Dynamics

8
Dynamics
  • Crescendo
  • Decrescendo
  • Fortissimo
  • Pianissimo
  • Mezzo
  • Forte
  • Piano

9
Crescendo
  • Increasing Loudness
  • Gradual Increase in Volume

10
Decrescendo
  • Reducing Loudness
  • Gradual Decrease in Volume

11
Fortissimo
  • FF
  • Extremely Loud
  • Very Loud
  • Louder than Forte

12
Pianissimo
  • PP
  • Very Soft

13
Mezzo
  • M
  • Medium
  • Can be added to any dynamic marking to get a
    medium sound
  • mp mezzo piano, medium soft
  • mf mezzo forte, medium loud

14
Forte
  • F
  • Loud or Strong

15
Piano
  • P
  • Soft

16
Music Elements
  • Form

17
Form
  • Rondo
  • Theme and Variations
  • 1st and 2nd Endings
  • D.C. Da Capo
  • D.S. Dal Segno
  • Al Fine
  • Coda
  • Coda Sign

18
Rondo
  • Alternates an original with new and changed
    section
  • An instrumental piece in which the leading theme
    is repeated, alternately with others

19
Theme and Variations
  • A compositional form where an initial theme is
    stated and each section changes the theme in a
    different way

20
1st and 2nd Endings
  • Start at the beginning and play to the end of the
    first ending and then go back to the beginning.
    Play until the beginning of the first ending and
    skip to the 2nd ending..

21
Da Capo
  • From the Beginning

22
Dal Segno
  • Repeat from the sign

23
Segno Sign
24
Al Fine
  • To the finish

25
Coda
  • A few measure or a section added to the end of a
    piece of music to make a more effective ending

26
Coda Sign
27
Music Elements
  • Harmony

28
Harmony
  • Harmonic Progression
  • Triads
  • Scales
  • Major
  • WWHWWWH
  • Minor

29
Harmonic Progression
  • A succession of individual chords or harmonies
    that form larger units of phrases, sections, or
    compositions

30
Triad
  • A three-note chord consisting of root, third, and
    fifth
  • Chord
  • Two or more notes played simultaneously

31
Scales
  • In music, a scale is an ordered collection of
    notes or pitches, as opposed to a series of
    intervals, which is a musical mode. However, they
    are most often notated in ascending or descending
    forms. Each note in a scale is referred to as a
    scale degree. Though the scales from musical
    traditions around the world are often quite
    different, the pitches of the notes in any given
    scale are usually related by mathematical rules.
    Scales are theoretical constructs which may be
    used to control a composition.

32
Major Scale Pattern
  • WWHWWWH

33
Minor Scale
  • WHWWHWW

34
Music Elements
  • Melody

35
Melody
  • Phrase
  • Cadence
  • Bass Clef Sign
  • Pitch notation
  • (Notes)
  • Bass Clef lines and spaces
  • Sharps
  • Flats
  • Key Signatures
  • 2 s, 2 bs

36
Phrase
  • Dividing musical sentences into melodic and/or
    rhythmic sections, similar to the effect of
    punctuation in language

37
Cadence
  • A kind of harmonic punctuation mark (resting
    place in a music phrase) that brings a piece of
    music to a satisfactory close

38
Bass Clef
  • Symbol placed on the five-line staff in
    traditional notation indicating the pitch of the
    notes and locating F on the fourth line from the
    bottom
  • Clefs indicate pitch designation
  • Bass is for the lower staff

39
Bass Clef Lines and Spaces
  • Bass Clef Lines
  • Good Boys Do Fine Always
  • Bass Clef Spaces
  • All Cows Eat Grass

40
Sharp
  • A musical sign that raises a note 1 half step

41
Flat
  • Lowers the pitch 1 half step

42
Sharp Key Signatures
  • G Major
  • 1 sharp F
  • D Major
  • 2 sharps F C

43
Flat Key Signatures
  • F Major
  • 1 Flat Bb
  • Bb Major
  • 2 Flats Bb Eb

44
Pitch Notation (Notes)
  • The system of expressing music sounds through the
    use of written symbols called notes
  • The system of expressing music sounds through the
    use of written symbols called notes

45
Music Elements
  • Rhythm

46
Rhythm
  • Syncopation
  • Time Signature 6/8
  • Asymmetrical Meter 5/4
  • Rhythmic Durations
  • Sixteenth Notes
  • Dotted Notes

47
Syncopation
  • A temporary shifting of the accent in music so
    that the stress falls between the strong beats

48
Time Signature 6/8
  • 6 Beats to a Measure
  • 8th Note gets a beat
  • Can be conducted in 2 or 6
  • Top how many beats in a measure
  • Bottom what note gets the beat
  • Feels like a waltz or dance

49
Asymmetrical Meter 5/4
  • 5 Beats in a measure
  • Quarter notes get a beat
  • Is conducted in 12 123 or 123 12
  • Asymmetrical Meter meter in which the beats
    cannot be divided equally into groups of two or
    three

50
Sixteenth note
  • A note that receives one fourth count when 4 is
    the bottom number in the time signature

51
Dotted NotesDotted Half Note
  • In traditional notation, adding a dot after a
    note increases its value by half
  • Since a half note usually gets two beats adding a
    dot after it gives it 3

52
Music Elements
  • Tempo

53
Tempo
  • Largo
  • Moderato
  • Allegro

54
Largo
  • Slow to very slow

55
Moderato
  • Medium or moderate rate of speed

56
Allegro
  • A rapid, vivacious movement, literally Happy
  • Fairly Fast

57
Music Elements
  • Timbre

58
Timbre
  • Acoustic Instruments
  • Synthesized Sounds
  • Electronic Instruments
  • Voices
  • Keyboards
  • Folk Instruments
  • Orchestral Instruments

59
Acoustic Instruments
  • Any musical instrument not requiring sound from
    an electrical source.

60
Acoustic Instruments
  • Acoustic sound and it production
  • unplugged

61
Synthesized Sounds
  • Musical sounds created electronically by
    recording or digitally produced
  • Synthesizer
  • A device that generates sound by creating
    waveforms electronically (such as subtractive or
    FM synthesis) or from stored samples of musical
    instruments (wave table synthesis). Although
    rudimentary electronic instruments were developed
    as far back as the 1920s, it was Robert Moog
    (pronounced "Mogue") who popularized the
    synthesizer in the 1960s. The term itself was
    coined after his devices, which were the first to
    combine an electronic (piano-style) keyboard with
    extremely flexible sound creation capabilities.
    In the 1970s, the Minimoog portable synthesizer
    was widely accepted. See MIDI and speech
    synthesis.

62
Synthesized Sounds
  • To change a sound by adding to it or taking away.
  • Usually done electronically

63
Electronic Instruments
  • Computers
  • Guitars
  • Bass
  • Drums

64
Electronic Instruments
  • Any type of instrument that uses electricity.

65
Voices
  • Soprano-Highest Female Voice
  • Alto-Lowest female voice
  • Tenor-Highest Male voice
  • Bass-Lowest Male voice

66
Keyboards
  • Examples
  • Electronic Piano
  • Synthesizer
  • Midi Keyboard

67
Keyboards
  • Piano, Harpsichord
  • Electric or acoustic

68
Folk Instruments
  • Guitar
  • Banjo
  • Double Bass
  • Mandolin
  • Appalachian Dulcimer
  • Bones
  • Fiddle

69
Folk Instruments
  • Banjo Harmonica
  • Dulcimer Mandolin
  • Fiddle Recorder
  • Guitar String Bass

70
Orchestral Instruments
  • Strings
  • Violin
  • Viola
  • Cello
  • Double Bass
  • Winds
  • Clarinet
  • Flute
  • Oboe
  • Bassoon
  • Trumpet
  • Trombone
  • French Horn
  • Tuba
  • Percussion

71
Orchestral Instruments
  • Strings Viola, Violin, Cello, String Bass and
    Harp
  • Woodwinds Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo Oboe,
    Bassoon
  • Brass Tuba, Trumpet, Trombone, French Horn
  • Percussion Drums (snare, bass, timpani)
    Triangle, Xylophone, Bells, Cymbals

72
Musical Styles
  • Genres

73
Musical Styles
  • Jazz
  • Spirituals/ Gospel
  • Broadway Musicals
  • Opera
  • Ballads

74
Jazz
  • Style that combines ragtime and blues
    improvised and unpredictable

75
Spirituals/Gospel
  • Religious style of music free form not in strict
    time

76
Broadway Musicals
  • Plays with singing
  • Examples
  • Phantom of the Opera
  • Les Miserables
  • Jesus Christ Superstar

77
Opera
  • Sung Drama

78
Ballads
  • Songs that tell a story
  • Example
  • John Henry

79
Musical Time Periods

80
Musical Time Periods
  • Renaissance 1400-1600
  • Baroque 1600-1750
  • NeoClassical/Classical 1720-1827
  • Romantic 1760-1870
  • Realism 1820-1870
  • Impressionism/PostImpressionism 1850-1920
  • Modern/Contemporary 1900-

81
Renaissance1400-1600
  • The Art Reflects
  • New Freedom of thought and expression
  • Purpose
  • To promote the rebirth of the classical ideal.
  • To reconcile faith with reason

82
Renaissance1400-1600
  • Composers
  • Palestrina
  • Dufay
  • Des Prez
  • Terminology
  • Madrigal

83
Baroque1600-1750
  • The Arts Reflect
  • Excess ornamentation, contrasts, tensions and
    energy.
  • This style was also concerned with the balance
    and harmony of the whole work
  • Purpose
  • To reject the limits of previous styles and seek
    to restore the power of the monarchy and the
    church.

84
Baroque1600-1750
  • Composers
  • Bach
  • Vivaldi
  • Handel
  • Terminology
  • Fugue
  • Music resembles Poetry.

85
NeoClassical/Classical1720-1827
  • The Arts Reflect
  • A return to order, reason and structural clarity
  • Purpose
  • A reaction to the excesses of the monarch and the
    ornateness of the Baroque Period
  • An all encompassing seriousness and moral
    commitment
  • That fine art should spread knowledge and
    enlightenment

86
NeoClassical/Classical1720-1827
  • Composers
  • Mozart
  • Beethoven
  • Haydn

87
Romantic1760-1870
  • The Arts Reflect
  • Freedom, emothion, sentimentality and
    spontaneity.
  • It also reflected and interest in the exotic,
    primitive, and supernatural.
  • Works idealized and emotional instead of
    intellectual
  • Purpose
  • To revolt against neo-classical order and reason
    as well as a return to nature and imagination

88
Romantic1760-1870
  • Composers
  • Beethoven
  • Tchaikovsky
  • Schubert

89
Romantic1760-1870(Continued)
  • Chopin
  • R. Strauss
  • Verdi
  • Wagner

90
Realism1820-1870
  • The Art reflects
  • The effects of the Industrial revolution and the
    conditions of the working class.
  • Real people doing everyday things
  • Purpose
  • To seek truth and find beauty in the commonplace

91
Realism1820-1870
  • Composer
  • Puccini

92
ModernImpressionism/Post-Impressionism1850-1920
  • The Arts Reflect
  • A different way of expressing reality
  • Concerned with the contemporary experience rather
    than historical events or imagination
  • Purpose
  • To show the effects of light and atmospheric
    conditions
  • The arts capture a moment of time through
    spontaneity and the use of quick bruch strokes
    and many shades of colar

93
ModernImpressionism/Post-Impressionism1850-1920
  • Composers
  • Debussy
  • Bizet
  • Ravel

94
Modern/Contemporary1900- Present
  • The Arts Reflect
  • The use of experimental techniques, the diversity
    of society and the blending of cultures
  • Purpose
  • To break with or redefine the conventions of the
    past.
  • Abandonment of principles of imitation of
    appearance, simplification of form,
    nontraditional materials and use of materials,
    and a consciousness of the act and qualities of
    seeing itself.

95
Modern/Contemporary1900- Present
  • Composers
  • Stravinsky
  • Bernstein
  • Copland
  • Gershwin
  • Terminology
  • Folk
  • Popular
  • Jazz

96
Modern/Contemporary1900- Present(continued)
  • Armstrong
  • Ellington
  • Schoenberg
  • Cage
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