Class objectives: This course will be taught as a seminar type class. The first several weeks of the

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Class objectives This course will be taught as a
seminar type class. The first several weeks of
the semester will begin with an overview of the
major issues and difficulties associated with
cohesive treatment of the dynamics of human
motivation and emotion. I will then give a
presentation of motivation/emotion issues
associated with drug use and abuse. During the
first several weeks of the semester you will have
the opportunity to select a particular motivation
topic that you will later present to the class.

• Psychology 418-001 Motivation and Emotion
• Schedule MWF- 1200 -1250pm SB 220
• Instructor Dr. Robert Hakan
• Office Hours

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Topics

• Potential topic areas include the motivational
  and affective nature of traditional areas of
  study such as Hunger/eating, thirst/drinking,
  aggression and sex. We may also expand our
  consideration in non-traditional directions that
  might include the motivational and affective
  nature of topics such as jealousy, control,
  anxiety, social inclusion, cognition, belief,
  athletic performance, competition, fairness,
  social deviance, artistic expression, etc Group
  discussions may help evolve some of these topic
  areas.

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• Topical presentations- Presentations will be
  given by small teams. Each week a topic area will
  be presented to the class. The presentations
  should be divided into 2 parts an overview
  presentation, and an assigned reading paper
  discussion. Your mission will be to provide a
  clear introduction to the topic and to develop
  potential test questions through class
  discussion. Each team member will share equal
  responsibility for the quality of each
  presentation. Some meaningful presentation will
  be required of each member though it is not
  necessary that each member provide equal public
  presentation time. Team members should share
  equally in the development of their presentations
  and document their individual contributions to
  the overall presentation. A copy of a
  POWERPOINT presentation as well as a full APA
  style topic paper will be required from each
  topic team.

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• Assigned reading paper discussions As part of
  each teams presentation, a general overview of
  the topic should be provided in the first day or
  two of presentation. On the first day of each
  week, the team will also provide the class with
  access to an experimental report. The class will
  be required to read and review this report for
  discussion on the Friday of each presentation
  week. The selection of the paper to be reviewed
  will be an important part of your teams grade.
  The paper should be relevant and interesting.
  During discussion of these papers the class will
  develop questions that will potentially be used
  for midterm and final exams. Each class member
  will be responsible for reading and understanding
  this paper. The instructor may ask surprise
  questions about this paper and evaluate class
  responses. Be prepared.

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• Policies Do not miss class without a verified
  and valid written explanation. You may enter
  class if you are late but please try to minimize
  distraction. Turn phones off. Be respectful of
  your class mates and help create a positive
  learning environment.

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Grading (/- system)

• Team presentations
• Overview-15
• Discussion Paper- 10
• Powerpoint -10
• APA style report 15
• Midterm Exam-20
• Final Exam-20
• Attendance and Participation- 10

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Overview of issues in the study of motivation

• Definitions
• something that causes a person to act?
• Characterization
• Initiation
• Direction
• Intensity
• persistence

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Difficulties in the study of motivation

• measurements of motivation- the operational
  definition
• Multiple causes, multiple effects
• Unexpressed motivations

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Levels of analysis

• Biological
• Genetic
• Neural
• Hormonal

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Levels of Analysis

• Learning
• Experience and reinforcement
• Cognitive
• Intention and expectation
• Social
• Inclusion
• Imitation/modeling

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EMOTION-conflicting viewpoints

• James-Lange Theory
• Emotion is interpreted from body responses.
• Schacter and Singer, 1962

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Emotion as an epiphenomenon?

• Cannon and Bard, 1927

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Is it a motivation?Primary Affect Theory

• Tomkins Affect Theory
• POSITIVE AFFECTSFacial ExpressionInterest -
  ExcitementEyebrows down, track, look,
  listen.Enjoyment - JoySmile, lips widen and
  out.NEUTRAL AFFECT Surprise - StartleEyebrows up,
  eyes blink.NEGATIVE AFFECTS Distress -
  AnguishCry, rhythmic sobbing, arched eyebrows,
  mouth downFear - TerrorFrozen stare, face pale,
  cold, sweaty, hair erect.Anger - RageFrown,
  clenched jaw, red face.Shame - HumiliationEyes
  down, head down and averted, blush.Dissmell
  (reaction to bad smell)Upper lip raised, head
  pulled back.DisgustLower lip raised and
  protruded, head forward and down.                 
             Figure 1. Adapted from Tomkins (1962
  /1963)

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• MORNING SCENESAFFECT?I woke up this morning after
  a bad night. I have slept badly and I   realise
  that there is something wrong. I look at my
  bedside clock and remember that I have not set
  the alarm. A brief panic subsides when I remember
  that I do not have an appointment until 10
  o'clock. It's  8.35 a.m. I yawn, swing my legs
  out of bed and walk to the window. As I draw the
  curtains the morning sun streams through the
  window. I smile with pleasure. Downstairs in the
  kitchen I make some coffee. I pour milk from the
  jug into my coffee cup. Tasting the coffee I pull
  a face, realising the milk has gone sour. Then
  another shock to my still semi-comatose system --
  the phone rings. It's  my daughter who always
  brings me pleasure but not this morning. She has
  been up most of the night with her sick baby
  daughter. She is distraught, afraid, tired and in
  tears. She wants to speak to her mother who is
  out so I do my best to give her medical
  advice. Then she reminds me that I have forgotten
  to collect a prescription for her from the
  chemist for my granddaughter. I apologise as I
  hear the baby screaming in the background. I am
  furious at my own forgetfulness.'What do I do?
  She just won't stop,' she shouts.'I'll come over
  straight away and I'll go to the chemist on the
  way, I reply.

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Topics-all presentations should attempt to
address

• -Causes of the motivation
• -Effects of the Motivation
• Statistical evidence

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Potential Topics

• -Aggression
• -Sex
• -Fear anxiety
• -Hunger/ thirst

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Topics

• -Social inclusion
• -Hatred
• -Jealousy
• -need for Cognition

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Topics

• -Fairness
• -Self-esteem
• -Athletics/competition
• -Talking
• -Social trends/style

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Topics

• -Art
• -Effects of drugs on motivation?
• -Pathological motivations?
• Etc

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Developing Presentation Teams

• There will be 12 teams with 4 members each. It is
  possible that one or two teams may have 5
  members.
• Discussion of interests.

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Schedule of presentations
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Schedule of presentations
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Developing Questions for your Exams?

• Each Friday you will be required to submit in
  written format 3 questions that you think would
  be fair and relevant to include on exams. I will
  select the three best questions from the class
  and post on them 418 website. Take good
  presentation notes!

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Two simple questions you should be able to answer
so far

• What are some of the complexities in the study of
  motivation?
• Describe the 3 conflicting theories of emotion
  that were discussed in class

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MOTIVATION for ROMANTIC LOVE

• Who is in love?
• Cognitive Bias- special reading

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Love is mostly tender and quiet. Love is a light
that allows people to see things that are not
seen by others.Romantic love is a deep
emotional, sexual and spiritual recognition and
regard for the value of another person and
relationship.
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• Different types of love involve combining three
  fundamental qualities of love in different ways
• These three qualities are
• 1.Passion
• Involves physical attraction and sexual desire
• 2.Intimacy
• Feelings of closeness and emotional attachment
• 3.Commitment
• The pledge to love someone over the long run,
  through the ups and downs that are often part of
  love

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Love is tricky business!
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Causes of Love?

• Evolution?
• Mate selection?
• Neural-hardwiring?
• Or learned?

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Early love Fmri
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Too late by now!
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Effects of Love?

• Behavioral
• Health
• Psychological

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Mate Selection?
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The behaviors and costs of attraction
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Labors for love?
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But careful how you spend your money!
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Clothing and style costsand behaviors
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Dating

• According to the increasing numbers of people
  using dating services, most single men and women
  worldwide are interested in finding someone
  special and broadening their resources to make it
  happen. The recent dating statistics shows that
  online dating services now help over 7 million
  registered users a year. 48 of men and 53 of
  American women have used services of various
  dating agencies. 

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Again, careful how you spend your money!
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Cost of dating

• How much does dating cost? 51 of American men
  spend over 100 monthly on dates, and 29 spend
  over 150, while nearly 2/3 of U.S. women spend
  less than 50 a month.
• Italian cuisine is number one choice for single
  Americans according to the dating statistics. 46
  of US singles would pick an Italian restaurant
  for a first date.

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Love often leads to legal relationships
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Companionship Shared time and interests
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Health and longevity?

• Overall, while all types of social connection
  were important to survival, whether or not an
  adult was married was the most important
  predictor of survival (Berkman and Syme 1979).

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• Hu and Goldman (Hu and Goldman 1990) analysed
  marital status specific death rates for 16
  developed countries. In all countries, death
  rates of single, widowed and divorced men greatly
  exceeded those for married men. The differences
  were greater in the younger age groups and
  greater for the divorced. For the widowed and
  divorced in their twenties and early thirties
  mortality risks were sometimes 10 times those of
  the married.

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• On the other hand it is well known that stressful
  and dysfunctional marital and family
  relationships contribute to ill-health (Walker
  1996) and are implicated in contributing to
  intractable physical pain(Towers 1995). Hence
  marital and family stress, conflict, and
  dysfunction are probably a contributing factor to
  many forms of poor health. This is another reason
  why programs to increase the number of happily
  married couples should be a health strategy
  priority.

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However, relationships often do not work out.
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Sometimes from the very beginning
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As in unrequited love
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May partially explain stalking behavior
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Sometimes after a little dating
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And lead to many aversive behaviors
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For many different reasons
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And may be linked with other motivational states
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Sometimes a break up should happen but doesnt
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It can go both ways
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Break ups sometimes occur after a marriage
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Even though it appears to be unhealthy
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And can lead to aversive emotions
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Inevitably a successful romantic relationship
will terminate
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Sati
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Ch. 1 Introduction to Motivation and Emotion

• To Be Moved into Action
• Motivated to be moved into action
• Schopenhauer Action or behavior is not
  spontaneous but is caused by either internal or
  external (environmental) incentives
• Motive to approach positive incentives or to
  avoid negative incentives
• Incentive an anticipated reward or aversive
  event that is possible in the environment

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• Relationship between incentives and motives
  Attaining an incentive is the goal of a persons
  motive.
• Sometimes internal sources or motives are
  incentives, while at other time external
  (environmental) sources motivate people.
• As well, both internal and external sources may
  play a role in motivation.
• When someone says, I am a highly motivated
  person, what does this mean?

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• Determinism vs. Free Will and Free Act
• Free Will if the motive is freely chosen then
  the person has free will
• Determinism is the belief that current events
  are made necessary by preceding events. The
  motives that a person currently possesses were
  made necessary by conditions that occurred in the
  past
• Free Act the person could have done otherwise
  if they wanted to
• Determined Act implies that in order to satisfy
  a motive the person had no other alternative but
  to act the way they did.

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Sources of Motivation

• Internal Sources of Motivation
• Evolutionary History refers to the effect of
  millions of years of natural selection on shaping
  human nature
• Evolutionary Psychology One goal of
  evolutionary psychologist is to describe and
  understand psychological mechanisms in terms of
  their natural selection.

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• Personal History refers to the individuals
  experiences from conception to present. These
  experiences shape the events that motivate the
  individual, including motives, incentives, and
  the behaviors to satisfy those motives.
• Judgments about what is pleasing and to be
  approached or displeasing and to be avoided are
  based on past experiences
• Law of Hedonic Contrast The pleasantness of a
  stimulus depends of the sum of previous
  experiences with a similar group of stimuli.
• Radio play and songs on the charts

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• Physiological and Neurological Counterparts
• Desires, wants and urges are mental events that
  are believed to originate in the mind
• Reductionism explaining the findings of one
  science by translating them to the principles of
  a more basic science.
• Environmental Origins of Motivation
• Incentives are stimuli that motivate behavior.
  The amount of incentive and its distance in the
  future affect motivation.
• The greater the amount of the incentive, the more
  it will motivate the individual. Lets take class
  participation as an example.

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• Interaction between Internal and Environmental
  Origins
• Behavior is motivated by both internal and
  external sources
• Internal sources refer to motives and desires,
  while external sources refer to the incentives or
  goals that satisfy them
• Food and water will motivate behavior provided
  that the organism is either hungry or thirsty.
• Satiated rats will stop pressing the lever for
  food

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• Motivation Sequence
• Choice refers to the selection of the motives
  or incentives from those vying for satisfaction
• Choice is the first step
• Instrumental Behaviors are those motivated
  activities in which a person engages in to
  satisfy a motive. Working for money and studying
  to pass a test are both instrumental behaviors.
• Duration or persistence the amount of time a
  person persists to satisfy a goal
• Frequency the rate of engaging in a particular
  behavior
• Intensity or effort of behavior varies directly
  with motivation

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• Consummatory Behavior to complete or end a
  behavioral sequence
• Examining subjective feelings of the individual
  on satisfying a motive. Does the person feel a
  sense of relief, pride, or disappointment when
  completing a goal
• Emotions
• Emotional feelings are shown in multiple ways
• Verbally the verbalizes their emotions to
  another.
• Physically stronger emotions elicit physically
  stronger displays of emotion. Passionate kisses,
  embraces, etc.

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• Facial Expressions allow us to display as well
  as perceive how someone is feeling
• Emotional Clouding of Thinking studies have
  found that when someone is in a sad vs. happy
  mood when they heard word banned-band they would
  more often report hearing banned. But, when in a
  happy mood they more often reported hearing band

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Study of Motivation and Emotion

• How do we asses motivations and emotions?
• Experimentally some variable is manipulated to
  see what effects this has on emotion or
  motivation
• Survey/Questionnaire (Correlation Research) we
  ask people how are/were you feeling on a Likert
  scale
• Recreating/Creating Scenarios through
  recreation or creating scenarios we can see how
  motivation and emotion are affected.

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• Naturalistic Observation by observing people in
  public we can study emotion
• What may be some problems with the different
  types of research?
• Experimental Variable the variable that is
  manipulated by the experimenter
• Correlational Variable contains levels that are
  measured but not created by the experimenter
• Dependent Variable the behavior that depends on
  the experimental variable. (how many minutes it
  takes a subject before giving up on, or
  completing, a task)

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• Research in a Natural Setting
• We use naturalistic observation when maybe it
  would not be ethically feasible to conduct the
  research, such as with anorexics and addicts.
• Research in Emotion
• When conducting emotion research naturalistic
  observation is used when it would be ethically
  wrong to evoke these emotions experimentally,
  such as with PTSD cases
• Also, with 9/11 and Katrina we could not recreate
  this trauma in a lab so we did survey based
  research and naturalistic observations.