Historial de Documentos que Afectan los Programas ROTC y a las Universidades de PR y de EU

1
Historial de Documentos que Afectan los Programas
ROTC y a las Universidades de PR y de EU

• Prof. Hiram González
• Catedrático Asociado
• Departamento de Ing. Civil y Agrimensura
• Coronel (Ret), Ejército de los Estados Unidos
• Ex-Director Program Ciencias Militares UPRM

Presentación ante el Comité Ad-Hoc-Program de
Ciencias Militares del Senado Académico de UPRM
2
Doc El Debate Histórico

• Coumbe, Arthur. Why ROTC? the debate over
  collegiate military training, 1969-1973. Sep 30,
  1999.
• www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc
  /coumbe.html
• Los críticos académicos del ROTC alegaban que
• el contenido de sus cursos era intelectualmente
  estéril
• que sus métodos eran inconsistentes con el
  espíritu de investigación libre de la
  universidad
• que su plan de estudio e instructores, a
  diferencia del plan de estudio e instructores de
  cualquier otra facultad, eran impuestos por una
  agencia externa
• que sus instructores eran, según sus antecedentes
  académicos y temperamento, inadecuados para
  enseñar en un ambiente de universidad y
• que la finalidad de la instrucción ROTC, que era
  la de indoctrinar e inspirar, estaba en oposición
  a la finalidad de la educación universitaria, que
  era la de fomentar el pensamiento crítico.
• otra de las supuestas desventajas del ROTC, su
  incompatibilidad fundamental con los objetivos,
  metas y métodos de una universidad.

3
Doc El Debate Histórico (cont.)

• Coumbe, Arthur. Why ROTC? the debate over
  collegiate military training, 1969-1973. Sep 30,
  1999.
• www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc
  /coumbe.html
• muchos académicos reconocieron que el ROTC le
  proporcionaba a los servicios con la clase de
  líder capaz e intelectualmente versátil que las
  Fuerzas Armadas necesitaría después de la era de
  Vietnam.
• el oficial capacitado en el ROTC poseía,
  generalmente, lo que un Comité del Departamento
  de Defensa describió como profesionalismo
  profundo.

4
Doc El Debate Histórico (cont.)

• Coumbe, Arthur. Why ROTC? the debate over
  collegiate military training, 1969-1973. Sep 30,
  1999.
• www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc
  /coumbe.html
• el ROTC abarcaba los 50 estados, todas las
  esferas sociales y todo tipo de escuelas ... las
  universidades prestigiosas del noroeste de
  EE.UU., instituciones estatales dedicadas a la
  investigación y las universidades estatales
  pequeñas dedicadas a la enseñanza cada una con
  sus culturas y tradiciones características
  auspiciaron unidades ROTC.
• En su informe de septiembre de 1969, el comité
  expresó que el argumento más importante para el
  ROTC era que fortalecía la participación de los
  civiles y su influencia sobre los militares.

5
Doc El Debate Histórico (cont.)

• Coumbe, Arthur. Why ROTC? the debate over
  collegiate military training, 1969-1973. Sep 30,
  1999.
• www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc
  /coumbe.html
• En su informe de 1970, la Asociación de
  Universidades Estatales y Federales declaró que
  el ROTC era una de las mejores garantías en
  contra del establecimiento en este país de una
  casta o camarilla militar.
• El Dr. Lee S. Dreyfus, rector de la Universidad
  Estatal de Wisconsin en Steven Point, Wisconsin,
  afirmó que el ROTC no constituía la presencia
  del Ejército en el campus, sino la presencia de
  la Universidad en el Ejército y describió al
  ROTC como el contrapeso antimilitarista clave en
  el Ejército.

6
Historia El ROTC en UPRM

• Desde la fundación del CAAM (1911 93 años),
  como requisito del Land Grant Act
• 1er Contrato Formal UPR-US Army (1965), firmado
  por Dr. Jaime Benítez, Rector UPR
  (el ROTC del CAAM era satélite del de UPR)
• 1966 Nueva Ley de la UPR separa CAAM y UPR-RP
  como dos recintos autónomos
• 2do Contrato Formal CAAM-US Army (1971), firmado
  por Dr. José E. Arrarás, Rector
• Contrato Formal RUM-US Air Force (1989),
  firmado por Dr. José L. Martínez Picó, Rector
• Programas son absolutamente VOLUNTARIOS
• Co-existen pacífica y efectivamente en UPRM
• Egresados exitosos en Fuerzas Armadas y comunidad
  civil.

7
Doc The Land Grant Act (Morrill Act of 1862)

• http//www.wvu.edu/exten/about/land.htm
• "AN ACT Donating Public Lands to the several
  States and Territories which may provide Colleges
  for the Benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic
  Arts." - - as UPRM
• A land-grant college or university is an
  institution that has been designated by its state
  legislature or Congress to receive the benefits
  of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. The
  original mission of these institutions, as set
  forth in the first Morrill Act, was to teach
  agriculture, military tactics, and the mechanic
  arts as well as classical studies so that members
  of the working classes could obtain a liberal,
  practical education.
• The Purpose
• . . . the endowment, support, and maintenance of
  at least one college where the leading object
  shall be, without excluding other scientific and
  classical studies, and including military
  tactics, to teach such branches of learning as
  are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts,
  in such manner as the legislatures of the states
  may respectively prescribe, in order to promote
  the liberal and practical education of the
  industrial classes in the several pursuits and
  professions in life.
• Over the years, land-grant status has implied
  several types of federal support.

8
Doc The Land Grant Act (Other Key Components)

• http//www.wvu.edu/exten/about/land.htm
• Nelson Amendment to the Morrill Act Still today,
  provides a permanent annual appropriation of
  50,000 per state or territory (for UPRM in
  Puerto Rico).
• Hatch Act of 1887 Authorized federal funding
  for an agricultural experiment station in
  connection with each land-grant institution
  like the one nearby and supporting UPRM.
• Second Morrill Act of 1890 Supplemented by
  direct appropriation the income from the
  land-grants (more ), but prohibiting
  distribution of money to states that made
  distinctions of race in admissions.
• Smith-Lever Act of 1914 Established the system
  of cooperative extension services like the one
  at UPRM.
• Bankhead-Jones Act of 1935 To provide for the
  more complete endowment and support of the
  colleges in the several States, Puerto Rico, the
  Virgin Islands, and Guam, entitled to the
  benefits of the Land Grant Act (UPRM). For the
  first fiscal , 8,100,000 and 4,360,000
  thereafter, to be paid annually to the several
  States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam
  in equal shares.
• Sea Grant Act of 1966 An act, parallel to the
  Land Grant Program, authorizing the establishment
  and operation of Sea Grant colleges with Federal
  funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
  Administration (NOAA) in the Department of
  Commerce -- which supports Marine Sciences at
  UPRM.
• Space Grant Act of 1988 To establish a National
  Space Grant and Fellowship Program with Federal
  funding from the National Aeronautics and Space
  Administration (NASA) -- which supports the
  EPSCoR Program here at UPRM.

9
Análisis Comparativo UPRM vs. MIT

• Muy similares en su Marco Legal
• Ambas reconocidas por sus Programas académicos
  (MIT reconocida como élite muy prestigiosa)
• Ambas son Land, Sea, and Space Grant Schools
• MIT reconoce que the mandate for providing some
  form of military education is clear
• http//www-tech.mit.edu/V110/N46/rotc.46n.html
• UPRM está sujeto al mismo mandato.
  
• (Ver Ley de la UPR del 1966, según
  enmendada)

10
Doc Ley de la UPR(Ley Num. 1 del 20 de enero de
1966, según enmendada)

• Art. 4. Organización de la Universidad de
  Puerto Rico. (18 L.P.R.A. 603)
• (a) La Universidad de Puerto Rico constituirá
  un sistema orgánico de educación superior,
  compuesto por las siguientes unidades
  institucionales
• (2) El Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez que
  estará integrado por todas las escuelas,
  colegios, facultades, departamentos, institutos,
  centros de investigación y otras dependencias en
  la actualidad funcionan en el Colegio de
  Agricultura y Artes Mecánicas de la Universidad
  de Puerto Rico. La Estación Experimental Agrícola
  y el Servicio de Extensión Agrícola quedan
  integrados a este Recinto en lo administrativo y
  programático y su personal calificado será
  incorporado al claustro de conformidad con lo que
  el Consejo disponga, a fin de que el Recinto,
  como beneficiario de la ley del Congreso de los
  Estados Unidos, aprobada el 30 de agosto de 1890,
  según enmendada, y conocida como la Segunda Ley
  Morrill, y de todas las leyes del Congreso que
  la complementan, fomente y desarrolle un sistema
  agrícola universitario que integre la enseñanza,
  la experimentación y la divulgación.

11

Doc Reporte de Estudio en MITQué dice MIT?

• Task Force. Interim Report of the ROTC Task
  Force Section 4. Feb 1, 1996
• http//web.mit.edu/committees/rotc/report-4.
  html
• For almost 80 years, the United States
  government has maintained a military presence on
  the campus of MIT under the aegis of the Reserve
  Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) in order to
  recruit and prepare MIT students for service in
  the various branches of the armed forces.
• there is abundant testimony from the cadets of
  all three programs that they value the leadership
  and teamwork experience provided by the ROTC
  programs as among the most valuable components of
  their MIT undergraduate education.

12
Doc Reporte de Estudio en MITQué dice MIT?

• Task Force. Interim Report of the ROTC Task
  Force Section 4. Feb 1, 1996
• http//web.mit.edu/committees/rotc/report-4.
  html
• Benefits of ROTC to Students
• First and foremost participation in an ROTC
  program, such as at MIT, permits these students
  to combine a quality education with preparation
  for a military career.
• A second benefit is the scholarship support.
• Another benefit from ROTC is the academic
  program, which is viewed as being strong in
  leadership and management training, analytical
  skills, and physical preparation.
• Upon graduation, they have a guaranteed job in
  the military, with all of its career
  opportunities.

13
Doc Artículo Interno de MITQué dice MIT?

• Michael J Piore. Gays and ROTC. Jul 9,2003
• http//www-tech.mit.edu/V123/N29/piore29.29c.html
  
• Michael J. Piore is the David W. Skinner
  Professor of Political Economy at MIT.
• in the Institutes ROTC policy, the broad
  policy was captured by the term tight embrace.
  The idea was to draw ROTC closer to MIT, not to
  distance MIT from it.
• In the Viet Nam era, when other universities
  were quick to eliminate their ROTC programs, the
  MIT faculty reviewed the ROTC oversight process
  and found it successful in maintaining a program
  that was consistent with the Institutes basic
  mission.
• Tight embrace is an extension of this
  tradition.

14
Doc Prensa Columbia UniversityQué dicen las
Universidades Prestigiosas?

• Columbia Spectator Online Edition. ROTC belongs
  at Columbia. Apr 12, 2002
• http//www .columbiaspectator.com/vnews/display.v
  /ART/2002/04/12/3cb
• Elite academic institutions such as Dartmouth,
  John Hopkins, MIT, Princeton, and Cornell have
  protected their ROTC programs, recognizing that
  the beneficial effects of ROTC reach not only
  cadets but also the entire academic community.
• Cornell describes its ROTC program as "dedicated
  to fulfilling a unique aspect of founder Ezra
  Cornell's dream of an institution where any
  person can get instruction in any study.
• Johns Hopkins characterizes its ROTC program as
  "a valuable component of the university that
  provides an opportunity for many students to
  afford a Hopkins education, to train for a
  career, and to become positive forces in the
  military.
• Princeton describes its ROTC program as "keeping
  with the university's motto, In the Nation's
  service and proclaims, "ROTC has prepared
  generations of Princetonians for their future
  nation-building responsibilities, both in and out
  of uniform."

15
Doc Estudio Annual de UniversidadesQué piensan
las Universidades en general?

• USNews Americas Best Colleges 2003. The New
  Appeal of ROTC
• http//www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/articles
  /brief/03rotc_brief.php
• about 55,000 students nationwide participating
  in the Reserve Officers Training Corps.
• while Army ROTC (the largest branch, with some
  30,000 cadets at over 600 campuses) has grown by
  5 percent.
• (51 Catholic Universities Notre Dame and
  others)
• Some colleges, like Harvard University in
  Cambridge, Mass., which kicked ROTC off campus
  during the Vietnam War era, are now debating
  whether to invite the program back.
• The Army (www.armyrotc.com) generally pays up to
  17,000 toward tuition.

16
Doc Solomon Amendment (1996Law codified in
10 U.S.C. Sec 983, in effect as of Jan 2000)

• The 1996 Solomon Amendment provides for the
  Secretary of Defense to deny federal funding to
  institutions of higher learning if they prohibit
  or prevent ROTC or military recruitment on
  campus.
• TITLE 10--ARMED FORCES
• CHAPTER 49--MISCELLANEOUS PROHIBITIONS AND
  PENALTIES
• Sec. 983. Institutions of higher education that
  prevent ROTC access or military recruiting on
  campus denial of grants and contracts from
  Department of Defense, Department of Education,
  and certain other departments and agencies
• (a) Denial of Funds for Preventing ROTC Access to
  Campus.--No funds may be provided by contract or
  by grant (including a grant of funds to be
  available for student aid) to an institution of
  higher education (including any sub element of
  such institution) if the Secretary of Defense
  determines that that institution (or any sub
  element of that institution) has a policy or
  practice (regardless of when implemented) that
  either prohibits, or in effect prevents--
• (1) the Secretary of a military department from
  maintaining, establishing, or operating a unit of
  the Senior Reserve Officer Training Corps (in
  accordance with section 654 of this title and
  other applicable Federal laws) at that
  institution (or any sub element of that
  institution).
• (e) Notice of Determinations.--Whenever the
  Secretary of Defense makes a determination under
  subsection (a), (b), or (c), the Secretary
• (1) shall transmit a notice of the
  determination to the Secretary of Education and
  to Congress and
• (2) shall publish in the Federal Register a
  notice of the determination and the effect of the
  determination on the eligibility of the
  institution of higher education (and any sub
  element of that institution) for contracts and
  grants.
• http//www.yalerotc.org/Solomon.html

17
Doc The Solomon Amendment and its Effects

• http//www.rso.cornell.edu/dash//solomon.html
• The Solomon Amendment states that certain federal
  funds will be denied to schools that have a
  "policy or practice" that prohibits or prevents
  the Secretary of Defense from recruiting on
  campus, from having access to students on campus,
  or from having access to directory information
  for students. The Solomon Amendment denies funds
  to schools that have an anti-ROTC policy.
• The Solomon Amendment affects the Federal Perkins
  Loan Program, the Federal Supplemental
  Educational Opportunity Grant Program, and the
  Federal Work-Study Program as well as funds
  distributed by the Departments of Education,
  Labor, and Health and Human Services.
• The Solomon Amendment was included in the
  National Defense Authorization Acts for 1995 and
  1996 as well as the Omnibus Consolidated
  Appropriations Act for 1997.

18
Doc Title 32-National Defense(July 1, 2003)

• CHAPTER I OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE
• PART 216 MILITARY RECRUITING AND RESERVE
  OFFICER TRAINING CORPS PROGRAM ACCESS TO
  INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
• Sec. 216.1 Purpose
• (e) Updates policy and responsibilities
  relating to the management of covered schools
  that have an anti-ROTC policy.
• Sec. 216.3 Definitions
• (a) Anti-ROTC policy A policy or practice
  whereby a covered school prohibits or in effect
  prevents the Secretary of Defense from
  maintaining, establishing, or efficiently
  operating a unit of the Senior ROTC at the
  covered school
• Sec. 216.4 Policy
• It is policy that
• (b) Under 110 Stat. 3009, no funds available
  under appropriations acts for any fiscal year for
  the Departments of Labor, Health and Human
  Services, Education, and related Agencies may be
  provided by contract or grant (including a grant
  of funds to be available for student aid) to a
  covered school that has an anti-ROTC policy or
  practice (regardless of when implemented).
  Additionally, under 10 U.S.C. 983, no funds
  appropriated or otherwise available to the
  Department of Defense may be obligated to a
  covered school that has such a policy or
  practice.
• Sec. 216.5(3) A list of schools ineligible for
  contracts or grants will be published in the
  Federal Register.

19
Consecuencias de Política Anti-ROTC (Violación
del Title 32) para UPRM

• Pérdida de todos los Fondos Federales para
• Investigación --- 18 millones en 2002-2003
• Ayudantías Graduadas --- 370 estudiantes
  2002-2003
• Ayudantías Sub-Graduadas --- 414 estudiantes
  2003-2003
• Jornales (por hora) en CID --- 312 estudiantes
  2002-2003
• Becas Estudiantiles (ayuda económica, incluyendo
  Pell Grants)
• afecta al 72 de la población estudiantil de
  UPRM
• 32 millones en 2002-2003
• Préstamos Federales para estudiantes
• La operación de Departamentos, Centros o Unidades
  atadas a las Actas Land, Space and Sea Grants
  --- 25 millones/año
• Estación Exp Agrícola y Serv de Ext Agrícola ---
  4.6 millones
• Departamento de Ciencias Marinas
• Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo (CID)
• Programas EPSCoR, PASCoR y otros
• Un TOTAL APROXIMADO de PERDIDAS 70
  millones/año
• DESASTRE ECONÓMICO para UPRM y para la Comunidad
  Local

20
Consecuencias Anti-ROTC en EU(HARVARD
UNIVERSITY)

• The Harvard Crimson Online ---
  http//www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref353521
• Published on Tuesday, November 25, 2003Acting
  Unwise on SolomonSummers refusal to challenge
  amendment in court betrays Harvards dedication
  to equality
• Last week, University President Lawrence H.
  Summers reiterated his support for equal
  opportunity in the military.
• Yet he admitted that he did not intend to back
  these principles with legal action on the part of
  Harvard University.
• Harvard will not be among the schools
  challenging the 1996 Solomon Amendment, which
  mandates that universities allow military
  recruiters on law school campuses or face the
  loss of federal fundingpotentially hundreds of
  millions of dollars per school per year.
• While barring military recruiters from Harvard
  Law School (HLS) would have cost the University
  412 million for this fiscal year, litigating
  would not risk the loss of funds. It is
  understandable, though regrettable, that the
  University had to buckle under financial pressure
  to allow the recruiters access to the Office of
  Career Services at HLS.

21
Consecuencias Anti-ROTC en EU(HARVARD LAW
SCHOOL)

• Harvard Law School Memorandum ---
  http//www.law.harvard.edu/news/2002/08/26_militar
  y.php
• Dean Robert C. Clark Announces Change to HLS
  Military Recruiting PolicyPost Date August 26,
  2002 130 p.m.
• The following is a memo from Dean Robert C.
  Clark to the Harvard Law School community
  outlining changes to the schools military
  recruiting policy for the 2002-2003 academic
  year.
• On May 29, 2002, the Air Force notified me that
  it no longer views our policy as being in
  compliance with the law. The Air Forces letter
  said that unless the School showed by July 1,
  2002 that our policies and practices had been
  modified to conform to federal requirements they
  would forward this matter to the Office of the
  Secretary of Defense with a recommendation of
  funding denial.
• The University, however, annually receives
  approximately 328 million from the Federal
  Government, which comprises about 16 of its
  operating budget.
• Most of us reluctantly accept the reality that
  this University cannot afford the loss of federal
  funds. Harvard University, one of the nations
  premier research institutions, would be adversely
  impacted by the abrupt termination of millions of
  dollars in federal funds.
• As a citizen, I am convinced that military
  service is both honorable and essential to the
  well being of our country. Precisely because of
  this respect for military service, I believe that
  one way or another, all students should have
  access to these exceptional opportunities to
  serve their country.

22
Consecuencias Anti-ROTC en EU(YALE UNIVERSITY)

• YALE News Release --- http//www.yale.edu/op
  a/newsr/02-10-02-04.all.html
• For Immediate Release October 1, 2002
• Statement of Yale University President Richard
  C. Levin
• Yale has responded to a letter from the Army
  which contends that the recruitment policy of the
  Yale Law School does not conform with a Federal
  law known as the "Solomon Amendment.
• Both the University and the Law School are proud
  of the long and honorable tradition of military
  service by Yale graduates, including Yale Law
  School graduates. The University is committed to
  complying with the law, but we intend to pursue a
  determination of whether the Law School's current
  policy satisfies the legal requirements. As an
  interim measure, while such a determination is
  pending, the Law School will temporarily suspend
  the application of its policy of requiring a
  non-discrimination certification from military
  recruiters so that they may participate in the
  School's off-campus fall 2002 interview program.
  

23
Doc El Contrato Army (ROTC) con UPRM

• 2. The governing authorities of this Institution
  (UPRM) agree as follows
• a. To establish a Department of Aerospace
  Studies (DMS) as an integral academic and
  administrative department of the Institution and
  to adopt its curriculum of military instruction
  courses, which the Secretary of the Army will
  prescribe and conduct.
• c. To make available to the DMS the necessary
  classrooms, administrative offices, office
  equipment, storage space, , in a fair and
  equitable manner in comparison with other
  departments of the Institution.
• d. To grant appropriate academic credit
  applicable toward graduation for the successful
  completion of courses offered by the DMS.
• e. To arrange for the scheduling of military
  classes to make it equally convenient for
  students to participate in Army ROTC as in other
  courses
• 3. It is mutually understood and agreed as
  follows
• b. That this agreement may be terminated by
  giving one academic years notice by either party
  hereto.
• c. That no Army officer shall be assigned to
  the DMS without the prior approval of the
  authorities of this Institution
• 4. To confer the rank of Professor on the Senior
  Army Officeras is required by law...

24
Doc El Contrato del Air Force (ROTC) con UPRM

• 2. The Institution (UPRM) agrees
• a. To establish a Department of Aerospace
  Studies (DAS) as an integral academic department
  with all the administrative and associated
  privileges enjoyed by other departments. The
  Secretary of the Air Force will prescribe the
  course content, conduct of the courses, and
  provide support literature
• c. To grant appropriate academic credit
  applicable toward graduation for the successful
  completion of courses offered by the DAS.
• e. To confer the rank of Professor on the
  Senior Air Force Officeras is required by law
• f. To make available to the DAS, without
  charge, the necessary classrooms, administrative
  offices, storage space, , in the same manner as
  provided to other departments within the
  Institution.
• g. To provide adequate secretarial, janitorial,
  communications, printing, building maintenance,
  utilities, and ground upkeep
• 3. It is mutually understood and agreed
• b. That this agreement may be terminated at the
  completion of any school year by either party, by
  giving at least 1- years notice, or sooner by
  mutual agreement.
• FIRMADO POR Dr. José Luis Martínez Pico, Rector

25
Doc Ley de la UPR(Ley Num. 1 del 20 de enero de
1966, según enmendada)

• Art. 16. Disposiciones Generales y Transitorias
  
• (5) Todas las prerrogativas, atribuciones
  y responsabilidades contraídas por cualquier
  organismo o funcionario oficial de la Universidad
  de Puerto Rico bajo leyes en vigor antes de la
  aprobación de ésta o a virtud de cualquier ley
  federal, concesión o contrato cuya transferencia
  no esté específicamente establecida por las
  disposiciones de esta ley este Capítulo, quedan
  por ésta reconocidas y continúan en vigor.
• (6) Se ratifica la aceptación de toda
  legislación aprobada por el Congreso de los
  Estados Unidos extensiva a Puerto Rico para
  beneficio de la Universidad.

26
Doc Professor of Military Science (PMS)
Selection Board Requirements

• http//www.rotc.monroe.army.mil/PMSBoard/Index.ht
  m
• Professors of Military Science
• It is the intent of the Annual Professors of
  Military Science (PMS) Selection Board to
  competitively select and slate qualified
  applicants for our FY05 PMS vacancies.
• All applicants must complete their interview
  sheets and provide to Cadet Command Headquarters
  NLT 30 June 2004.
• Must be in the grade of LTC, MAJ(P) or MAJ
• MEL 4 qualified.
• Masters Degree prior to 1 Aug 04 (no exceptions).
  
• Available to PCS prior to 1 Aug 05 and complete a
  3-year tour
• Once your branch verifies that you may be allowed
  to compete for this years board, begin to work
  with your assignment manager to update standard
  board documents.
• Concurrently, your Branch will be preparing a
  standard board file (Photo, Microfiche, ORB,
  Transcripts (Undergrad and Graduate)). Request
  each officer proactively review their files to
  ensure that the PMS Board will have the most
  current and accurate information.
• The final step in the PMS selection process is a
  formal nomination to the specific
  university/college administration. After school
  administration acceptance of the PMS nomination,
  HRC-Alexandria prepares an RFO for PCS orders.
  Cadet Command will notify the officers of the
  procedure to obtain a Pre-Command Course date.

27
Doc Catálogo Académico de UPRM Objetivos del
Air Force ROTC en UPRM

• DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE STUDIES (AIR FORCE ROTC)
  
• (From UPRM Academic Catalog for 2003-04)
• The objectives of the Air Force ROTC Program at
  the UPRM are as follows
• 1. To identify, select, and motivate qualified
  students who will participate in the Program of
  Aerospace Studies.
• 2. To provide university-level education that
  will prepare students to be officers in the
  United States Air Force.
• 3. To enhance students' basic appreciation of and
  dedication to democratic principles.
• 4. To provide students with an understanding of
  the Air Forces role in support of the national
  interest of the United States.
• 5. To develop each students potential as leader
  and manager.
• 6. To commission Second Lieutenants dedicated to
  their tasks who will accept responsibilities
  eagerly, think creatively, and speak and write
  English fluently.

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Doc Catálogo Académico de UPRMObjetivos del
Army ROTC en UPRM

• DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE (ARMY ROTC)
• (From UPRM Academic Catalog for 2003-04)
• The mission of the US Army ROTC Program is to
  obtain well-educated, commissioned officers to
  meet Army requirements. The objectives of the
  ROTC Program at UPRM are as follows
• 1. To attract, motivate, and prepare selected
  students to serve as commissioned officers in the
  regular Army, Army National Guard, or the Army
  Reserve.
• 2. To provide an understanding of the
  fundamentals, concepts, and principles of
  military science.
• 3. To develop leadership, managerial skills,
  basic professional knowledge, and a strong sense
  of personal integrity, honor, and individual
  responsibility among students in the Program.
• 4. To develop an appreciation of the
  requirements for national security.
• The Army ROTC Program draws upon the many
  educational disciplines required for the modern
  Army. It ensures that men and women educated at a
  broad spectrum of institutions of higher learning
  are commissioned annually in the Army Officer
  Corps.

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Doc El Perfil del Egresado de los Programas ROTC
en UPRM

• El Perfil del Egresado del Departamento Académico
  de cada candidato a Oficial
• Los Programas ROTC no gradúan La Institución
  (Departamentos, Facultad) es la que gradúa.
• Los Programas ROTC proveen una capacitación
  adicional y ofrecen un nombramiento (Comisión
  como Oficial) de empleo cuando la Institución
  certifica la graduación.
• EL RESULTADO Un Profesional y Oficial, líder en
  las Fuerzas Armadas y en su comunidad, con la
  preparación académica de altura que provee la
  UPRM, con todos sus atributos, de personalidad
  bien balanceada, humanista y con pensamiento
  crítico y profundo.

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El Reclamo Contra el ROTC

• No es ACADÉMICO
• Es POLÍTICO.

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Doc Ensayo por Líder de FUDE

• Reflections on Nonviolence The Vieques
  Experience
• by Héctor Rosario
• (reprinted from The Dartmouth Online, Wednesday,
  May 24, 2000)
• http//www.serve.com/nukeresister/nr120/nr120rosar
  io.html
• While in jail, I gained a new perspective on the
  nonviolent struggle and its consequences. I had
  time to reevaluate my strategies and thoughts.
• STRATEGY
• Let me present an outline of how Shepard
  believes the nonviolent struggle works activists
  break a law - politely public leader(s) have
  them arrested, tried and put in prison activists
  accept it members of the public are impressed by
  the protest, hence public sympathy is aroused for
  the protesters and their cause members of the
  public put pressure on public leader(s) to
  negotiate with activists as cycles of civil
  disobedience recur, public pressure grows
  stronger finally, public leader(s) give in to
  pressure from their constituency and negotiate
  with activists.
• This approach works whether you wish to abolish
  the current political system or whether you want
  to reform it.
• GOAL
• In the Vieques experience, our first goal is to
  get the U.S. Navy out of Vieques, then fight for
  the demilitarization of Puerto Rico and finally
  to obtain independence for our nation. This we
  shall attain through nonviolent means.

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Doc Artículo por FUDE en International Action
Center Online

• Anti-ROTC Civil Disobedience Encampment at the
  University of Puerto Rico
• http//www.iacenter.org/rotc_1-2004.htm
• 1/9/2004--The successful demilitarization
  campaign of Puerto Rico has extended from Vieques
  to the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez in
  an effort to expel the ROTC program.
• Reclaiming the Universitys mission to
  excellence in education and its commitment to a
  culture of peace, and denouncing the use of
  university funds that go to promote war
• We urge anti-war activists across the United
  States to help us disseminate our message. We
  must fight the insanity of war from every angle.
  This requires ending all ROTC programs and their
  recruitment activities on our college campuses.
• FIRMAN
• Frente Universitario por la Desmilitarización y
  la Educación (FUDE)
• Isa Rodríguez
• Ismael Guadalupe
• Héctor Rosario, PhD

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Doc Declaración de Principios Unión de
Juventudes Socialistas (UJS)

• DECLARACIÓN DE PRINCIPIOS (Aprobado en Asamblea,
  22 de agosto de 1999, San Juan, PR)
• http//ujs-pr.tripod.com/boletines/principios.html
  
• Considerando"Que el mundo se encuentra en una
  etapa insostenible de explotación entre los
  humanos que las decisiones fundamentales se
  toman en función del capital
• Por lo tanto"Para contribuir a la solución de
  éstas y otras contradicciones la Unión de
  Juventudes Socialistas adopta los siguientes
  Principios que definen su identidad social y
  política"
• 1. El SocialismoEste es el principio
  fundamental que da razón de ser a nuestra
  organización. Concebimos al socialismo como la
  transición hacia una sociedad sin clases y sin
  estado en sentido estricto el comunismo.
• 2. La Liberación NacionalLa liberación nacional
  la concebimos como la independencia
• 7. La Unidad Obrero-Estudiatil"La emancipación
  de los trabajadores será obra de los trabajadores
  mismos." (Marx). Por eso, reconocemos al
  proletariado como la clase social protagonista en
  la revolución. Los estudiantes, quienes somos la
  mayoría de los que componemos esta organización,
  tenemos como norte contribuir a la emancipación
  de la clase trabajadora desde nuestra trinchera,
  las universidades y las escuelas, y fuera de
  ellas.

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Repito El Reclamo Contra el ROTC

• No es ACADÉMICO
• Es POLÍTICO.

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Doc Constitución de PR

• PREÁMBULO
• Nosotros, el pueblo de Puerto Rico, a fin de
  organizarnos políticamente sobre una base
  plenamente democrática, promover el bienestar
  general y asegurar para nosotros y nuestra
  posteridad el goce cabal de los derechos humanos,
  puesta nuestra confianza en Dios Todopoderoso,
  ordenamos y establecemos esta Constitución para
  el Estado Libre Asociado que en el ejercicio de
  nuestro derecho natural ahora creamos dentro de
  nuestra unión con los Estados Unidos de América.
• Al así hacerlo declaramos
• Que el sistema democrático es fundamental para la
  vida de la comunidad puertorriqueña
• Que entendemos por sistema democrático aquel
  donde la voluntad del pueblo es la fuente del
  poder público, donde el orden político está
  subordinado a los derechos del hombre y donde se
  asegura la libre participación del ciudadano en
  las decisiones colectivas
• Que consideramos factores determinantes en
  nuestra vida la ciudadanía de los Estados Unidos
  de América y la aspiración a continuamente
  enriquecer nuestro acervo democrático en el
  disfrute individual y colectivo de sus derechos y
  prerrogativas la lealtad a los postulados de la
  Constitución Federal la convivencia en Puerto
  Rico de las dos grandes culturas del hemisferio
  americano el afán por la educación la fe en la
  justicia la devoción por la vida esforzada,
  laboriosa y pacífica la fidelidad a los valores
  del ser humano por encima de posiciones sociales,
  diferencias raciales e intereses económicos y la
  esperanza de un mundo mejor basado en estos
  principios.

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Doc Constitución de EU

• PREÁMBULO
• NOSOTROS, el Pueblo de los Estados Unidos,
  a fin de formar una Unión más perfecta,
  establecer Justicia, afirmar la tranquilidad
  interior, proveer la Defensa común, promover el
  bienestar general y asegurar para nosotros mismos
  y para nuestros descendientes los beneficios de
  la Libertad, estatuimos y sancionamos esta
  CONSTITUCION para los Estados Unidos de América.

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Cierre Doc Artículo por José M. Saldaña
(Ex-Presidente de la UPR)

• Comentario La Política Pública y el ROTC, El
  Vocero, 24 de febrero de 2004
• La Universidad de Puerto Rico es una universidad
  del Estado, por lo que pertenece a todo el pueblo
  y no a ningún sector en particular, mucho menos a
  uno minoritario. La decisión de prescindir del
  ROTC afectaría la condición de Land Grant
  University, lo cual tendría un impacto
  detrimental en la institución y sin duda
  limitaría grandemente su capacidad económica, y
  por consiguiente sus ofrecimientos y
  posibilidades para contribuir a nuestro
  desarrollo como pueblo.
• Esta es una decisión de política pública e
  institucional y debe de ser la Junta de Síndicos
  (que son los representantes del interés público)
  los que teniendo presente el sentir del país
  sobre este importante asunto, tomen la decisión.
• A las autoridades universitarias -Presidente y
  Rectores- les compete informar prontamente y
  exactamente a la comunidad universitaria y al
  país respecto a las implicaciones que para la
  institución tendría el ceder a los reclamos de
  los que quieren expulsar el ROTC de la
  Universidad.
• Al mismo tiempo, tienen que ejercer la
  responsabilidad de mantener el orden
  institucional y la operación normal del programa.
  Para eso es que tienen el poder y los elementos
  reglamentarios para hacerlo.

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• Muchas Gracias.
• PREGUNTAS?