Multimedia 113 Video

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Multimedia 113Video
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The Birth of Photography JOSEPH NICEPHORE
NIEPCE (1765-1833) In 1826 Niepce took the very
first photograph using a camera and an 8-hour
exposure
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LOUIS JACQUES MANDE DAGUERRE (1787-1851) In
1837, Daguerre alone perfected the method of
sensitizing the silver plates with the fumes of
iodine. In 1839, the Paris Observatory
announces his invention to the entire
world. WILLIAM H. FOX TALBOT (1800-1877) Succee
ded in securing images on plain writing paper,
which he sensitized with silver chloride.
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Paris

Auguste Louis-Jean Lumière First public
screening in 1895?
Talking films are a very interesting invention,
but I do not believe that they will remain very
long in fashion - Louis-Jean Lumière
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Edison

Thomas Edison develops the first commercially
successful projector, The Vitascope, in late 1896
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Why do we love films and videos?

• screenings
• Edison Actualities (1890-early 1900s)
• The Great Train Robbery
• Run Lola Run

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Filmic Vocabulary

• What is different between these films?
• What type of evolution do you see?
• What about the films structures?
• What about the films content?
• What about the films technologies?

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What are the components of film and video?

• screenwriting or story structure-- what is the
  idea behind the work
• mise-en-scene
• production design
• cinematography
• performance
• editorial
• sound
• picture
• effects
• delivery mechanism
• film
• tape
• DVD

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What is a genre?

• types of films (name one in each category)
• Action
• Adventure
• Comedy
• Crime
• Drama
• Documentary
• Epics
• Horror
• Musicals
• Science Fiction
• War
• Western
• how do we type films?
• think about the components we discussed earlier

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Goals for Class Today

• Camera operation
• Getting a proper exposure
• Film ASA
• Color Temperature
• Aperture
• Shutter Speed
• Light

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Color Temperature

• Color temperature is a term that is borrowed from
  physics. In physics we learn that a so called
  "black body" will radiate light when it is
  heated. The spectrum of this light, and therefore
  its color, depends on the temperature of the
  body. You probably know this effect from everyday
  life if you heat an iron bar, say, it will
  eventually start to glow dark red ("red hot").
  Continue to heat it and it turns yellow (like the
  filament in a light-bulb) and eventually
  blue-white.
• Be careful with the terminology here! The hotter
  the body gets (measured as the temperature in
  degrees Kelvin) the more the color moves from red
  to wards blue. But we say that red is a "warmer"
  color than blue! So a warm body radiates a cold
  color and a (comparatively) cold body radiates
  warm colors.
• The photographic color temperature is not the
  same as the color temperature defined in physics
  or colorimetry. As mentioned above, the
  photographic color temperature is measured only
  on the relative intensity of blue to red.
  However, we borrow the basic measurement scale
  from physics and we will measure the photographic
  color temperature in degrees Kelvin (K).

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Color Temperature

• daylight balanced film and CCDs (5500 K)
• tungsten balanced films and CCDs (3200 K).
• This gives the color of the light balanced to
  white

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Part Two of Proper ExposureAperture

• Aperture is measured by f-stops
• smaller f-numbers (f2, f2.8 etc.) represent wider
  apertures (i.e. more light can pass through the
  lens in a given time) and higher f-numbers (f11,
  f16, f22 etc.) give narrower apertures (meaning
  that less light passes through in a given time).
• f-stops are calibrated to allow exactly half as
  much light through as the previous setting and
  twice as much light through as the next setting
  (in a given time of course)

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Aperture Continued

• For example, a lens set at f8 will allow twice as
  much light through as one set at f11 but only
  half as much as one set as f5.6. It's no
  coincidence that shutter speeds are also
  calibrated to be twice as fast or slow as the
  next or previous setting which allows us to see
  how changing the aperture affects the shutter
  speed required and vice versa.

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Aperture Continued

• The technical definition of aperture value, or
  f-stop as it is often known, is the ratio of the
  focal length of the lens to the diameter of the
  lens opening. In other words, it is the number of
  times the diameter of the hole through which the
  light has to pass will fit into the focal length
  of the lens. The size of this hole, known as the
  aperture, may be controlled by turning a collar
  usually located at the base of the lens. On
  automatic cameras, aperture priority mode is
  often denoted by Av which means "Aperture value".
  Typical values may be f2, f2.8, f5.6 and f16
  where the "f" denotes the f-stop, often referred
  to as f-numbers.

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Part Three of Proper ExposureShutter Speed

• Shutter speed is a measure of how long the
  shutter remains open when the picture is taken.
• On manual cameras, it is usually set by means of
  a dial on the top of the camera or, less
  commonly, a ring around the base of the lens.
  Automatic cameras usually denote shutter priority
  mode with the symbol Tv which simply means "Time
  value".
• Typical shutter speeds are 1/1000s, 1/250s, 1/15s
  and 1s. Note that shutter speeds are calibrated
  to be approximately twice as fast as the previous
  setting and twice as slow as the next setting.
  For example, 1/250s is twice as fast as the
  previous setting 1/125s but is twice as slow as
  the next setting 1/500s.

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Shutter Speed Continued

• Shutter speed plays an important role in avoiding
  camera shake which happens when the camera moves
  relative to the subject while the shutter is
  open, causing an overall blur.
• To avoid this, a good rule of thumb is select a
  shutter speed which is near to, or faster than,
  one divided by the focal length of the lens. For
  example, with a 50mm lens the slowest hand-held
  shutter speed would be 1/60s and with a 300mm
  lens it would be 1/500s.

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Part Four of Proper ExposureLight

• This is the most important part of taking great
  pictures and is the most difficult to master
• Light is measured in footcandles

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Other Elements of Image MakingFocal Length

• Focal Length
• focal length is the angle of view obtained. The
  longer the focal length, the narrower the angle
  of view and the more magnified the image is (at a
  fixed distance). Short focal length lenses are
  known as wide-angle with typical focal lengths of
  20mm, 24mm and 35mm. Standard focal length lenses
  are around the 50mm mark and the range 80mm-300mm
  are considered telephoto lenses. Anything above
  300mm is regarded as super-telephoto.
• Telephoto lenses tend to compress perspective
  making objects look closer together, while
  wide-angle lenses distort and can make fairly
  close objects seem very distant.

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Other Elements of Image MakingDepth of Field

• Depth of field can be thought of as the amount of
  the image which has acceptable sharpness. This
  means that either side of the selected point of
  focus, there is a region in which the image
  remains in focus. Moving outside of this band of
  focus (towards or away from the lens), the image
  becomes progressively more unsharp and out of
  focus.
• The amount of depth of field is controlled solely
  by magnification and aperture. Since the
  magnification is normally fixed for a given
  subject, the depth of field is usually controlled
  by aperture alone. Wide apertures (such as f2,
  f2.8) give less depth of field while narrow
  apertures (such as f16, f22) give much more depth
  of field.