Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

• Lesson 17 The Navy in the Early Cold War,
• 1945-1953

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Learning Objectives

• Comprehend the development of new strategies and
  weapons systems, in terms of competition for
  resources within the DOD and within the Navy., in
  the High Cold War.
• Massive Retaliation, Rollback, and
  Liberation will be defined and their
  applicability as strategic slogans will be
  assessed by examination of major crisis of the
  Eisenhower Presidency.
• Comprehend how the threat of limited naval
  presence was used to influence international
  affairs during the 1950s.

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Learning Objectives

• President Kennedy's Flexible response will be
  defined and its applicability as a strategic
  slogan will be assessed by examination of the Bay
  of Pigs and the Cuban Missile Crisis.
• Know the impact of the Cuban Missile Crisis of
  1962 on Soviet naval policy.

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NSC 68 Blueprint for Cold War Strategy

• National Security Council Report - April 1950
• Based on the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and
  George Kennans Containment Strategy.
• Threat from Soviet Union
• Leads the global advance of international
  communism.
• Korean War - National Security Council believes
  the perception of the communist threat is
  confirmed.

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NSC 68

• NSC 68 We must, by means of a rapid and
  sustained build-up of the political, economic,
  and military strength of the free world, and by
  means of an affirmative program intended to wrest
  the initiative from the Soviet Union, confront it
  with convincing evidence of the determination and
  ability of the free world to frustrate the
  Kremlin design of a world dominated by its will.

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Korean WarNavy

• Naval decline reversed.
• Accelerated shipbuilding.
• Personnel strength doubled.
• Reactivation of mothballed World War II ships.
• Development begins on a new generation of ships
• Forrestal-class carriers with jet aircraft.
• Nuclear-powered submarines USS Nautilus.
• Power-projection capabilities of the U.S. Navy.
• Close Air Support
• Interdiction
• Amphibious Operations
• Logistics
• Strategic bombing/massive retaliation theory
  disproved.

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USS Nautilus (SSN 571)

• Commissioned September 1954.
• First nuclear-powered submarine.
• First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.

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PresidentDwight D. Eisenhower

• Elected 1952
• Administration increases military funding after
  the Korean War.

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Struggle for Funding

• Air Forces Strategic Air Command (SAC) - 1946
• Controls U.S. strategic deterrence mission.
• Navy funding determines nature and mission of
  forces.
• Naval nuclear capability and strategic mission
  developed.
• Ensures future funding for naval forces.
• Internal Navy competition for funding.
• Elimination of new weapons except carriers and
  submarines.
• Small carrier-based nuclear weapons.
• New tactical nuclear mission in addition to
  strategic mission.
• Single Integrated Operations Plan (SIOP) - 1960.
• Attack plans for strategic bombers, ICBMs, and
  SSBNs.
• Carriers lose strategic role - maintain tactical
  nuclear weapon.

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Regulus Missile

• - Program cancelled by 1964.

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Forrestal-class Attack Carrier (CVA)

• USS Forrestal (CVA 59)

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Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBNs)

• USS George Washington (SSBN-598)

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Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW)

• Soviet submarine threatens U.S. and NATO sea
  lines of communication.
• Hunter Killer Groups (HUKs) established.
• One older fixed-wing support carrier (CVS) with
  aircraft.
• Five to six destroyers (DDs)
• U.S. nuclear-powered attack submarines (SSNs).
• Most effective ASW weapons eventually replace
  HUKs.
• Albacore hulls and improved sonar and
  torpedoes.
• Long-range land-based maritime patrol aircraft.
• Underwater Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS).
• Passive sonar located at strategic chokepoints.
• GIUK Gap - main chokepoint for Soviet submarines.

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U.S. Naval Presence in the Cold War

• Worldwide U.S. interests.
• Strategy of containment must be backed by threat
  of force.
• Naval deployments - worldwide.
• Influence international affairs.
• Threat of either limited or unlimited naval
  force.
• Numbered fleets deployed in different regions.
• Second Fleet Atlantic
• Third Fleet Eastern Pacific
• Sixth Fleet Mediterranean
• Seventh Fleet Western Pacific and Indian Ocean
• Fifth Fleet Arabian Gulf (1995)

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Forward Deployed Forces Containment Strategy

• Navy
• Naples (Gaeta), Italy
• Commander, Sixth Fleet
• Yokosuka, Japan
• Commander, Seventh Fleet
• Subic Bay, Philippines
• Marine Corps
• Okinawa
• Third Marine Division
• Army and Air Force
• Permanent bases established overseas.
• Germany, Japan, and South Korea.

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AdmiralArleigh Burke

• Chief
• of
• Naval Operations
• 1955-1961

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AdmiralHyman G. Rickover

• Father of the Nuclear Navy
• and
• Naval Reactors
• USS Nautilus (SSN 571)
• USS Enterprise (CVAN 65)
• USS Long Beach (CGN 9)

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Indochina

• Former French colony.
• Japanese occupation - WW II.
• 1945 Ho Chi Minh founds Democratic Republic of
  Vietnam.
• Communist government.
• Reoccupied by French forces.
• 1947 Vietnamese war for independence begins.
• Vietnamese rural population supports Vietminh
  communists while French control cities.
• France appeals to U.S. for support.
• Truman approves military aid to French forces.
• 1954 Dien Bien Phu - French surrender to
  Vietminh.
• Eisenhower refuses to aid French with carrier
  strikes.
• Operation Passage to Freedom
• SEATO established
• Vietnam divided between communist North and
  South.
• U.S. military advisors to South Vietnam.

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Suez Crisis

• 1956 Egyptian President Nasser nationalizes Suez
  Canal.
• Britain and France
• Attacks on Egypt with Israel to regain control of
  canal.
• Soviet Union - aligned with Egypt.
• Hungarian uprising.
• Naval inferiority to U.S. fleet.
• U.S. diplomatic pressure on Britain, France, and
  Israel.
• U.S. controls sea lines of communication in
  Mediterranean.
• U.N. cease-fire brokered.
• Soviets begin to increase power in Middle East.
• Eisenhower Doctrine - 1957
• U.S. will defend Middle East from Communist
  aggression.

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Lebanon Crisis

• 1957 Soviets launch Sputnik shaking U.S.
  confidence
• 1958 Lebanese Civil War
• Communists supported by Syria.
• Ally of Soviet Union.
• Amphibious Landing of 6,000 Marines.
• Control of Beirut secured.
• Army and Air Force units unable to react.
• Demonstrated flexibility of U.S. naval forces.
• Sixth Fleet dominates the Mediterranean.
• Soviet Navy unable to influence events.

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The George Washington, launched June 9, 1959, was
the Navy's 1st submarine in Nov. 1960 to deploy
the solid-fuel Polaris missile with one-megaton
warhead
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PolarisSubmarine-LaunchedBallistic
Missiles(SLBMs)

• Strategic Deterrence
• Nuclear Triad
• With strategic bombers and ICBMs.
• Eventually replaced by Poseidon and Trident
  missiles on newer submarines.

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First Nuclear powered carrier commissioned (CVAN
65)Enterprise
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JohnFitzgerald Kennedy

• Elected President over Eisenhowers Vice
  President Richard Nixon in 1960.
• Navy PT boat commander in WW II as a Lieutenant.

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Nikita Khrushchev

• Succeeded Stalin as Soviet premier after his
  death in 1953.
• Proposed peaceful competition between the
  superpowers.
• Challenged U.S. to meet Communist challenges in
  third world countries.

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The Cold War Heats Up

• The Space Race
• Sputnik First man-made satellite - 1957.
• Yuri Gagarin - First man in space - 1961.
• Kennedy - Apollo Program will land a man on the
  moon before the decade is out.
• Naval aviators chosen among first astronauts.
• The Missile Gapdebate in 1960 U.S. Presidential
  election.
• U-2 Incident - 1960
• Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet Union.
• Khrushchev's We will bury you! speech at the
  United Nations - 1960.
• Berlin Wall - 1961
• Kennedy Ich bin ein Berliner. - 1963.

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U-2
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Fidel Castro

• Leader of Cuban Revolution against U.S.-supported
  President Batista in 1959.
• Establishes Communist government aligned with the
  Soviet Union.

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CastroandKhrushchev
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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Cuban Missile CrisisOctober 1962
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Cuban Missile Crisis

• 1961 - Bay of Pigs Invasion
• CIA-trained Cuban rebels landed by U.S. Navy.
• Defeated by Castros communists.
• 1962 Soviet nuclear missiles move to Cuba.
• Located by Air Force U-2 reconnaissance plane.
• Options for President Kennedy
• Air strikes or invasion too risky - may start
  war.
• Blockade or Quarantine of missiles established
  by Navy.
• 22 Oct 62- fleet directed to block military
  shipments from Cuba.
• 24 Oct 62- Soviet Ships reverse course, only one
  boarded
• Khrushchev agrees to remove missiles.

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Cuban Missile Crisis

• Conventional engagementinvolving small ships
• No attack carriers directly involved, but global
  U.S. alert including carriers world-wide
• Soviet had no symmetrical, opposing forces
• No fleet action no hostilities
• Khrushchev and Kennedy played crucial roles!
• Soviet naval policy reviewed.
• Need a more balanced Navy of surface, subsurface,
  and air forces to challenge U.S. for command of
  the seas.

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Discussion
Next time The Navy, Vietnam and Limited
Warfare 1965-1975