LIN 201

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LIN 201

• Fall 2005
• Lecture XXV (25)
• Language Change I

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Reminder

• Quiz 3 (4 of the course grade) -- Recitation
  this week. Covers the whole course (half on the
  first two Parts of the course half on Part III).

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Final Exam

• Exam -- Tues., 12/13, 715-915 PM, Stolkin
  Auditorium.
• Review Session
• Mon., 12/12, 100-230, 202 Hall of Languages.
• Review Sheet available today.

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Agenda

• 1. Language change.
• 2. Dialect differentiation.
• 3. Videotape The Mother Tongue

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• 1. Language change.

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History of English Periods

• 449-1066 Old English.
• 1066-1500 Middle English
• 1500-present Modern English

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Sound change (1)

• Old English Modern English
• hoose house
• oot out
• sooth south
• moose mouse

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Sound change (2)

• Middle Engl. Mod. Engl. (some dlcts)
• farm fam
• farther fatha
• barn ban
• etc.

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Sound change (3)

• Early Mod. E. Mod. S. US Engl.
• high ha
• pie pa
• ice as

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• 2. Dialect differentiation.

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Language change and dialect differentiation (1)
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Language change and dialect differentiation (2)
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Stages in dialect differentiation (1)

• Stage I A given speech community is uniform with
  respect to some linguistic feature.
• Stage II Part of the community breaks off giving
  rise to communicative isolation between two parts
  of the community.

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Stages in dialect differentiation (2)

• Stage III Language change occurs in one part of
  the formerly uniform community that does not
  occur in the other part, giving rise to
  systematic differences between varieties spoken
  in the two parts, hence two different dialects.

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Modern dialects (2)

• Mod. Engl. Mod. Engl. (some dlcts) (other
  dlcts)
• farm fam
• farther fatha
• barn ban
• etc.

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Modern dialects (3)

• Mod. N. US Mod. S. US Engl. Engl.
• high ha
• pie pa
• ice as

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Stages in dialect differentiation (3)

• Stage IV Over time, the two (or more) dialects
  change independently of each other so much that
  they are no longer mutually intelligible that
  is, they become different (genetically-related)
  languages. Example the Romance languages and
  the Indo-European languages.

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The Romance languages

• Mod. French
• cher
• champ
• chandelle

• Mod. Italian, Spanish
• caro
• campo
• candela

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The Romance languages
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Indo-European languages

• Germanic (English)
• father
• foot
• fish
• few

• Romance (Spanish)
• padre
• pie
• pescado
• poco

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Indo-European languages
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Genetically-related languages

• Two languages are genetically related if they
  have the same ancestor language (i.e., if they
  have come from the same language). Examples
  (1) Spanish, Italian, and French are genetically
  related (all came from Latin) (2) Spanish,
  Italian, French, English, German are all
  genetically related (all came from Indo-European)

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Genetically-related languages vs dialects of the
same language

• Genetically-related languages
• are characteristic of groups (like dialects).
• differ systematically (like dialects).
• are not mutually intelligible (unlike dialects).

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Agenda

• 3. Videotape The Mother Tongue. Questions,
  Course Reader, pp. 151-153.