A South African experience not mine, but near Cape Town where I stay

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A South African experience (not mine, but near
Cape Town where I stay)
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Learning goals Lecture 5, Biological Diversity
(Finish Invertebrates, Vertebrates)
Readings Chapters 33 (finish) and 34
Invertebrates (Ch.33) Annelids Nematodes Arthr
opods, Echinoderms Vertebrates (Ch. 34) Chordat
es and craniates Vertebrates Gnathostomes
Tetrapods, Amniotes, Mammals. Aves, Primates  
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Figure 33.23 Anatomy of an earthworm - Phylum
Annelida -segmentation gone crazy!
Protostomes, coelomate, ventral nerve system,
dorsal circulatory system - like molluscs
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Figure 33.24 A polychaete - mostly marine. Note
external paddles for swimming.
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Figure 33.25 A leech
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.26 - a nematode - roundworm - external
cuticle needs to be molted for growth.
Protostomes, pseudocoelomate
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Ascaris from human intestine (CDC)
Pinworm seen in colonoscopy (Tulane)
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.29 - Phylum Arthropoda - external
skeleton, needs to be molted for growth.
Protostomes, coelomate, ventral nerve system,
dorsal circulatory system - like molluscs
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Figure 33.28 A trilobite fossil
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.38 - Crustaceans
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.35 - Class Insecta - insects. 3 pairs of
legs, one pair antennae, side-ways operating
mandibles
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.36 - metamorphosis
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.37 - Orders to know
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.37
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Deuterostomes, coelomate
Fig. 33.39 - water vascular system for a
skeleton, but also calcium carbonate structures
in skin
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Invertebrates (Ch.33) Sponges Cnidarians Mollus
cs Annelids Nematodes Arthropods Echinoderms

Fig. 33.40 - examples of major groups
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Figure 34.1 The vertebrae and skull of a snake, a
terrestrial vertebrate
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.3. Deuterostomes, coelomate - also know
pharynx - cavity behind mouth
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Figure 34.2 Hypothetical phylogeny of chordates
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.4 - a tunicate (sea squirt), which has
chordate characteristics only in the larval stage
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Figure 34.5 The lancelet Branchiostoma, a
cephalochordate
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.9 - The next group is the craniates -
with a head - an example of a very basal one is a
hagfish - only a notochord for a skeleton. No
paired fins or jaws.
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Figure 34.7 The neural crest, embryonic source of
many unique vertebrate characters - a derived
feature of craniates
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Figure 34.10 A lamprey - an example of a basal
vertebrate. Lampreys have both a notochord and a
cartilaginous vertebral column around it. But
still no paired fins, and no jaws
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Figure 34.13 Hypothesis for the evolution of
vertebrate jaws
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Living gnathostomes all have 2 sets of paired
fins as well.
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.5, Class Chondrichthyes

Fig. 34.17 Class Actinopterygii
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On the way to having four legs. Figure 34.18 A
coelacanth (Latimeria)
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.19 Early tetrapod, derived from
lobe-finned fish (a branch of ray-finned fish)
Fig. 34.22 - aquatic life cycle of Class Amphibia
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.20 - Class Amphibia
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Figure 34.24 The amniotic egg
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Figure 34.25 A hatching reptile
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.27 - Class Reptilia
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Figure 34.30 A small sample of living birds -
Class Aves
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.27 - Class Aves - unique features are
feathers, hollow bones, one-way lungs, and many
more.
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Figure 34.33 Short-beaked echidna (an Australian
monotreme)
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
All mammals have hair and make milk - but not all
carry the young inside the body till birth!
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Figure 34.34 Australian marsupials
Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
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Vertebrates (Ch.34) Chordates Craniates Vertebr
ates
Gnathostomes Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals
Fig. 34.36. Eutheria - placental mammals -
placenta provides nourishment for developing
young. Know the orders Primata, Rodentia, Carni
vora, and Perissodactyla.
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Specific readings Fig. 33.23, p. 654, read p. 653
, Annelids are segmented worms
Fig. 33.4, p. 655, Fig. 33.25, p. 655. In cases
like this, you need to know that Phylum Annelida
contains leeches and segmented marine worms as
well as earthworms, but you do not have to know
the names of the Classes. Fig. 33.26, p. 655. Re
ad all of Concept 33.6, pp. 655-656, on Phylum
Nematoda. Fig. 33.29, p. 656 Fig. 33.28, p. 656.
Read pp. 656-657, General Characteristics of
Arthropods. Fig. 33.38, p. 664 Fig. 33.35, p. 6
60. Read pp. 660-664, Insects.
Fig. 33.36, p. 661. Fig. 33.37, pp. 662-663. Kn
ow the 4 Orders pointed out in lecture
(Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and
Hymenoptera). Fig. 33.39, p. 665 Fig. 33.40, p.
667. Read pp. 665-666, Echinoderms and
Chordates are deuterostomes, and Echinoderms.
Know what the common names are for the classes,
do not need to know scientific names.
Fig. 34.1, p. 671. A vertebrate - what we will
build up to. Read pp. 671-675, Concept 34.1.
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Specific readings continued Fig. 34.3, p. 673. F
ig. 34.4, p. 674. Fig. 34.6, p. 675. Fig. 34.7,
p. 677. Read Concept 34.2 pp. 675-676 to The
Origin of Craniates Fig. 34.9, p. 677, Read pp.
676-677, Hagfish Fig. 34.10, p. 678, Read pp. 6
78, Concept 34.3, Derived Characters of
Vertebrates, p. 679, Origins of Bone and
Teeth Fig. 34.13, p. 680. Fig. 34.15, p. 681.
Fig. 34.17, p. 683. Fig. 34.18, p. 683, Read pp.
683-68e, Lobe-fins. Fig. 34.19, p. 684, Fig. 34
.21, p. 685, Read pp. 684-686, Concept 34.5.
Fig. 34.25, p. 689, Fig. 34.24, p. 688, Read Conc
ept 34.6, pp. 687-689, up to The origin and
radiation of reptiles. Fig. 34.27, p. 691.
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Specific readings continued Fig. 34.30, p. 693, F
ig. 34.28, p. 692, Read pp. 691-694, Birds
Fig. 34.32, Read pp. 694-697 (up to Primates)
Fig. 34.33, p. 695. Fig. 34.34, p. 696. Fig. 34.
36, p. 699. Know Orders Carnivora, Primata,
Rodentia, Perissodactyla.