One example of the Internet

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One example of the Internet

• The Interactive Model Railroad
• Technical University of Freiberg
• Germany

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One example of the Internet

• Began at University of Ulm, 6/19/95
• Early reactions frivolous
• Real-time video
• Mechanical control for user/visitor
• So what?

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One example of the Internet

• So what?
• First example of a hack There is an excellent
  article on the term hacker at TechRepublic.
• Anticipating the future

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One example of the Internet
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First question

• What is the Internet?

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What is the Internet?

• A global network of networks, including their
  wires, fibers, and routers (switches)

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What is the Internet?

• A global network of networks, including their
  wires, fibers, and routers (switches)
• The computers connected to each network
• A book of IP addresses that tells each computer
  where all the others are
• The protocols (rules) TCP/IP that tell the
  computers how to talk to each other

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Techno-Alphabet Soup, pt 1

• TCP Transmission Control Protocol
• IP Internet Protocol
• TCP/IP describes the rules for transmitting small
  packets of bits (0s and 1s) from one computer to
  another.

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Techno-Alphabet Soup, pt 2

• Each computer on the Internet is uniquely
  identified so that it can be addressed.
• It may have
• a name for example, www.albany.edu
• But it must have
• an IP address 169.226.1.110

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Techno-Alphabet Soup, pt 3

• The translation or resolution of the name to the
  address is done by a domain name server (DNS),
  the white pages of the Internet.
• There are thousands of DNSs around the world, and
  they all know that
• 169.226.1.110 www.albany.edu
• and vice versa.

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Techno-Alphabet Soup, pt 4

• Notice that the IP address is hierarchical, like
  a phone number or street address
• 169.226.1.110 www.albany.edu
• 518-442-3300, or 415-442-3300, x. 118
• But notice that the domain name is a different
  kind of hierarchy social, not technical.

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Domain categories

• Original domain categories in the U.S.
• .com businesses
• .edu educational institutions
• .gov government agencies
• .mil military units
• .net networks
• .org non-profit organizations

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Other domains

• New Top-Level Domains
• .aero, .biz, .info, .name, .pro, etc.
• Other government sites within U.S.
• state.ny.us
• Country codes
• .at, .au, .ca, .de, .fr, .uk, etc.
• this.is/allaboutme

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The authority for domains

• http//www.iana.org/domain-names.htm
• IANA Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
• which gave way in 1998 to
• ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
  and Numbers
• To the extent anyone is in charge, its ICANN.

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Next question

• When was the Internet?

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When was the Internet?

• 1961 Len Kleinrock (then at MIT, now at UCLA)
  developed theory of packet switching,
  describing how data could behave on a highway
  where collisions were not only allowed but
  expected!!
• 1964 Paul Baran (RAND Corp.) used packet theory
  to develop idea of a network that could survive
  major outages.

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Types of networks
Centralized Decentralized Distributed
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A digression

• Packets

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Whats in the packets

• Here are the minimum things each needs
• An address (IP number)
• An addressee, e.g., someone_at_
• Something to indicate order or sequence
• A portion of the message (Why not all?)

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Delivering the message

• How would that work here in LC 18?
• We need an address 18.2.9.7
• And right away were stuck. What does this mean?
  How do we find out?
• We need a DNS server, which well use in reverse
  going from number to name

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The LC DNS server

• Our hypothetical LC addresses, by analogy with IP
  addresses, are quadruples
• LC (room) . side of room . row . seat
• where left/right side (from front) is 1/2, row is
  from the front, and seat is from the aisle.
• So where is 18.2.9.7?

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Pieces of the message
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Pieces of the message

• is so
• ISP100
• Kris
• Matt
• Prof. D
• says

• Maybe theres more?
• How would we find out?
• How could we get the missing piece(s)?
• What abstract concept(s) does this connect back
  to? Redundancy Shannons semantic problem

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End of digression

• Back to
• When was the Internet?

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When was the Internet?

• 1965 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)
  in the Pentagon funded the first experimental
  connection between a computer at MIT and one in
  California over a 1200 bps phone line. (The
  Universitys backbone today is 10,000,000 bps,
  with 100,000,000 bps on the drawing board.)

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When was the Internet?

• 1966 Robert Taylor, an ARPA funding manager,
  got fed up. He proposed networking computers
  around the country mainframes four of them.
  His boss said OK and gave him 1M after a
  20-minute conversation. There was only one
  small problem no one knew how to do this!

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When was the Internet?

• 1966-69 ARPA awarded a contract to Bolt Beranek
  and Newman (BBN), an architectural consulting
  firm in Boston to design and build ARPANET, the
  direct ancestor of todays Internet, with a
  starting configuration of four nodes!

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When was the Internet?

• 8/30/69 UCLA
• 10/1/69 SRI
• 10/29/69 1st message, UCLA to SRI
• 11/1/69 UCSB
• 12/?/69 University of Utah ski season

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When was the Internet?

• By 1971, there were 23 hosts (computers) at 15
  nodes in CA, UT, IL, MI, PA, MA

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When was the Internet?

• 1972 Ray Tomlinson chooses _at_ as connector for
  userid and address
• 1973 75 of all ARPANET traffic is email
• 1974 BBN creates Telenet, first public network
• 1975 first mailing list, MsgGroup, forerunner
  of listservs

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When was the Internet?

• Late 1970s other networks built, such as Tymnet
  and THEORYNET (academic)
• 4/12/79 Kevin MacKenzie invents the emoticon
  -)
• 10/27/80 first accidental virus shuts down
  ARPANET
• 1984 number of hosts breaks 1000, William
  Gibson coins cyberspace

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When was the Internet?

• 1986 National Science Foundation creates NSFNET
  and regional networks including NYSERNET, running
  at 56,000 bps
• 1987 number of hosts breaks 10,000
• 1988 NSFNET upgraded to 1,500,000 bps
• 1989 number of hosts breaks 100,000
• 1992 number of hosts breaks 1,000,000

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When was the Internet?
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Where was the Internet?

• 1973 universities in UK and Norway
• 1982 Netherlands-Denmark-Sweden-UK
• 1983 Germany-Korea
• 1984 Japan, Soviet Union
• 1985 Canada
• (1986 NSFNET created in U.S.)
• 1988-90 CA, DK, FI, FR, IS, NO, SE AU, DE, IL,
  IT, JP, MX, NL, NZ, UK AR, AT, BE, BR, CL, GR,
  IN, IE, KR, ES, CH connect to NSFNET

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When was the Internet?

• 1990 original ARPANET shut down
• 1991 NSFNET upgraded to 45,000,000 bps
• 1991 Tim Berners-Lee invents World Wide Web,
  CERN releases software
• 1993 Marc Andreesen at U. of IL invents browser
• 1994 Arizona law firm sends first spam, first
  Pizza Hut takes orders online
• 1995 Internet becomes commercial, AltaVista
  goes online in December