Cooling and Heating large facilities with the supporting power of the

1
Cooling and Heating (large) facilities with the
supporting power of the
sun

• the absorption cooling process converts water
  heated to 80 degrees by fossil fuels or the power
  of the sun to cold water of about 8 degrees

Project designed and build by SOLID UNIproject
2
Reasons for the use of solar energy for heating
and cooling

• Reduces operational costs of facilities
• Reduces dependency on fossil energy supply and/or
  electricity
• Contributes to a healthy environment by cooling
  without the use of toxic gases
• Use of renewable energy contributes to the
  reduction of CO2 emissions

3
Saving money through Solar energy utilisation

• Amortisation after only 5 years possible
• Conventional heating / cooling systems do not
  have an amortisation potential
• Low operational costs facilitate higher profits

Depending on sun days and subsidies made
available through national environmental
agencies
accumulative
4
Solar applications in Europe

• On the increase with
• Greece being the largest user of installed solar
  an collectors with annual sun radiation of 1500
  kWh/m2
• GR is followed closely by Germany Austria with
  an annual radiation of only
• 950 1200 kWh/m2
• Mediterranean countries with values of gt1500
  kWh/m2 utilize solar energy least

installed
Global radiation / year kWh/m2
5

The Potential of Solar Power utilization in
Europe
Germany and Austria located in areas of Europe
which have a relatively low radiation utilize
solar sun power more to those with higher values
www.meteonorm.com
6
Solar utilisation reduces CO2 emissions.

• The reduction of CO2 emissions was agreed at
  Kyoto adopted by the EU
• 50 of the green house effect is
• caused by burning of fossil fuels (CO2)
• and 22 by CFCs HFC gases
• used in conventional cooling
• A reduction can only be achieved if
• renewable energy systems are used
• cooling systems are used which do
• not use toxic gases (absorption cooling)

reduction by 8 until 2012
Chloro- Hydrofluorocarbons
7
The EU target until 2012

• to support political programmes in reducing
  CO2 emissions

• As one way forward can be rated the annual
  increase in the production of glazed solar panels
  for the use of
• sanitary hot water
• central heating
• pool heating
• with a large potential in absorption cooling

8
Solar energy is available throughout the year to

• Heat during the cold months with temp.lt 60oC
• Cool, using an absorption thermo chemical process
  during hot months with temp. gt 80oC

Cooling
Heating
Heating
FOR MORE INFO...
on the absorption cooling process see slides 10
11
high yield in summer, low yield in winter
9
Components in the utilisation of solar energy
facilitating cooling

• Solar collectors achieve yields up to 0,6 kW/m2
• Modern heat exchangers have low heat losses
• Use of large buffer storage tanks to retain
  collected energy
• Separating sanitary water from buffer water
• Absorption cooling requiring heat gt 80oC which is
  achievable through solar energy in summer
• Tele-monitoring of the controls (also from
  abroad) to optimise efficiency of plant

10
The absorption cooling cycle

• is similar to a vapour compression
• cycle in that it relies on 3 basic principals
• When liquid is heated it vaporizes (boils) and
  when gas is cooled it condenses
• Lowering the pressure of a liquid reduces its
  boiling point
• Heat flows from warmer to cooler mediums

11
absorption coolingcontinued

• Instead of mechanically compressing a gas, the
  absorption cooling relies on a thermo-chemical
  compressor
• Two different fluids are used that dissolve
  easily in one another
• water under a vacuum as refrigerant
• ammonia or LiBr as an absorbent
• The refrigerant (water) can change from liquid to
  vapour state easily and is circulated through the
  system driven by the heat of the solar plant gt80
  degrees

Lithium Bromide
12
The Environmental Benefits

• The ammonia used in the closed cooling system is
  safe, odourless and non-toxic
• Ammonia carries no risk to the ozone layer
• The hot water heated by the sun used as the
  primary energy source carries no risk to the
  environment
• Should a support energizer be required, waste
  product combustion can be used as well as any
  conventional energy source such as gas, oil or
  electricity

during periods of reduced solar yield
13
Solar Cooling of EAR Tower
1. Solar plant 227m2 (ÖKOTECH, A) 2. Heat
exchanger (ALFA LAVAL, S) 3. Storage tank 4.000l
(ANGERER, A) 4. Heating manifold (Kosovo/SCG) 5.
Domestic hot water circuit 6. Space heating
circuit (radiators, fan coil units. air handling
unit, etc.)
7. Back up heating system (200kW
VIESSMANN/WEISHAUPT, Germany (D)) 8. Absorption
cooling machine (2x45kW YORK, D) 9. Cooling
tower (220kW BALTIMORE AIRCOIL, I) 10. Cold water
storage tank (1.000l ODOERFER, Austria) 11. Back
up chiller (30kW electric compr.YORK, I) 12. Air
handling unit (UNIKLIMA, BiH)
14
Cost and Efficiency for Solar Heating and Cooling
Plants depend on

• Location of building in respect to the sun
• Quality of building in respect to thermal
  insulation and glazing standards used
• Usable floor area of the building
• Buffer size to store heated water during periods
  of reduced solar yield
• Heating / cooling requirements of the users
• Type of supporting energizer

15
Indicative cost for a complete solar
heating/cooling plant

• Cost per m2 usable area is 200 , for
• Design, commissioning of plant (consultant
  services)
• Solar plant for heating/cooling made up of
• the required solar collectors (15 of usable
  floor area)
• heat exchanger and pumps
• buffer reservoir with separate boiler for
  sanitary water
• absorption cooling machine with cooling tower
• fan coil units to dissipate the energy
• Waste combustion, gas or oil fired support system
• Control components and tele-monitoring

refer to note on the next slide
Recurring Costs 0.5 /month/m2
16
Consultancy Services and Tools.

• Calculation of energy needs of facilities
• Tele-monitoring of the plant equipment

17
noting that

• the herein described system is hydraulic as it is
  more efficient to air based systems to transport
  the collected solar energy
• all air ventilation needs are to be dealt with
  separately which will increase the cost of the
  plant by up to 50 /m2 floor area
• the energy required to heat or cool the
  circulated air can be supplied by the described
  system at no extra cost
• The square meter price for solar collectors do
  not exceed 200 /m2 with yield of 0,6 kW/m2

water is a better conductor of energy than air
by a factor of 3,500
18
Situation in Kosovo

• KEK produces approx. 3 GW of electricity by coal
  per annum (losses not considered)
• It is assumed that about 2,2 M people live Kosovo
  in about 280 T households
• That puts the per head consumption at 1,364
  kW/per annum against Portugal with 4TkW/a
• Consumption per household 10,714 kW/annum
• Noting that about 30 of the population live in
  urban centres
• It is assumed that people living in towns will
  consume double to the pop living in villages

least consumer in EU
Kosovo Energy Cooperation
19
Household consumption

• of people living in towns could be as high as
  25,000 kWh per annum per household
• This amounts to an energy need of up to 250
  kW/h/m2 usable floor area assuming a 100 m2
  dwelling, against current EU needs of 100 kW/h/m2
  (in similar climatic conditions)
• This energy need can be reduces by 20, if
• the facility receives thermal insulation
  (external)
• the facility receives air tight windows / doors
• the windows / doors receive thermal glazing
• the roof / basement are sufficiently insulated

Hot water boiler, e-stove, washing machine,
accumulators, fridge, lights, etc.
20
What actions should be set to reduce the energy
need?

• Energy consumption of a medium sized house should
  be reduced from 250 kW/m2 per year to at least
  100 kW / m2 / year
• To reduce demand by 60 of current e-usage a
  combination of activities are required

21
Energy saving in residential houses

• Further savings can only be achieved if
  alternative energy systems are used for
• Heating or cooling a facility (15)
• Heating up sanitary water (15)
• Cooking (10)
• For the hydraulic systems solar plants are
  recommended whilst for cooking, gas is the only
  real feasible alternative

22
Potential Saving per household

• By an annual electrical consumption of 25 mWh,
• or 2,083 kWh per month, installing alternative
• heating systems for
• hot water, can save 6,5 mWh per annum
• central heating, save 6,0 mWh per annum
• cooking with gas instead of electricity
• the total electrical power thereby saved per
  annum
• will amount to 15 mWh, saving 750 from the
• annual electricity bill

Hot water boiler, e-stove, washing machine,
accumulators,fridge, lights, etc.
Electrical cost per kWh 0,05
23
Market Potentials for Kosovo?

• Producing components that can be used to utilize
  solar power, e.g.
• Solar collectors
• Boilers (used as buffer storage tanks)
• Making and installing solar heaters
• Making and installing central heating systems for
  residential and public buildings
• Photovoltaic technology and their applications
• Thermal insulation
• Material production, also organic
• Providing thermal façades to facilities

24
Companies involved in the Solar Plant at the EAR
Tower

• Installation SOLID/UNIPROJECT, Kosovo
• Technical Design iC Consulenten, Austria
• Solar cooling/heating SOLID GmbH, Austria
• Solar collectors GLUATMUGL of ÖKOTECH, Austria
• Supplementary heating boiler (Oil) VIESSMANN, G
• Supplementary Oil burner WEISHAUPT, Germany
• Absorption machine YORK/YAZAKI, Germany
• Buffer boilers ANGERER, Austria
• Control systems technology SCHNEID Electr., A
• Tele-monitoring SOLID SCHNEID Electronic, A

In Pristina / KOSOVO