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Terrestrial Biomes

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Tropical Rainforest. Tundra ... Tropical Rainforest. Fig. 32.33. Tropical Rainforest ... As productive as tropical rainforests and coral reefs. Concerns: ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Terrestrial Biomes


1
Terrestrial Biomes Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Biology 150-009
  • Ms. Chappell
  • August 29, 2006

2
LARGE ECOSYSTEMS
  • Human-classified divisions
  • Same types of climates similar types of
    vegetation
  • Similar vegetation similar biome
  • ? exact same flora, fauna, or physical abiotic
    makeup
  • Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes
  • 6 primary types
  • 4 additional types
  • Aquatic Ecosystems
  • 4 types

3
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES
Fig. 32.27
4
Terrestrial Biomes
  • Large, land vegetation formations viewed as
    ecosystems
  • Tundra - Polar Ice
  • Taiga - Mountain
  • Temperate Deciduous - Chaparral
  • Forest
  • Temperate Grassland - Savanna
  • Desert
  • Tropical Rainforest

5
Tundra
Image Sources Google www.worldbiomes.com/
biomes_tundra.htm, www.exzooberance.com/
virtual20zoo/they20wal... , www.alaskaone.com/
wildlife/images/tundra.jpg, www.teridanielsbooks.c
om/ States/Alaska/grizzl...
6
Tundra
  • Tundra treeless plain
  • Flat terrain with low shrubs, grasses, sedge,
    mosses, lichens low biodiversity
  • One-fourth of Earths terrestrial surface
  • Present in northernmost latitudes ( 60 N)
  • Desert-like rainfall ( 25 cm/yr) but bogs and
    marshes in summer rainy season due to permafrost

7
Tundra (contd)
  • Permafrost condition of permanent frozen soil
    beginning 1 meter (m) below surface and
    extending down to 500 m
  • Water can not drain
  • Plants produce in short 50-day season
  • Year-round Arctic lemmings, hares, foxes
  • Summer migratory animals seeking food
  • No reptiles or amphibians

8
Taiga
Fox Image Source mountain.nationalgeo...a/lg/na0
616bS_lg.jpg Fig. 32.26 and Fig. 32.29
9
Taiga
  • AKA Boreal or northern forests covered with
    coniferous trees such as firs, pines, spruces,
    and cedars (dominant vegetation) located south
    of tundra
  • Largest biome on Earth low biodiversity
  • Winters very cold and snowy
  • Summers warm, rainy, and humid
  • Large mammals, fur-bearing animals
  • Very few reptiles and amphibians

10
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Image sources rowanmiddle.com/RCMS...ciduous20F
orest.jpg, www.radford.edu/7Es...G235/biomes/tbd
f.gif, Fig. 32.30
11
Temperate Deciduous Forest
  • Majority of eastern US (our ecosystem) as well as
    continental western Europe and east Asia
  • Deciduous trees (with seasonal leaf loss)
    including maples, beeches, oaks, and hickories,
    as well as understory of woody shrubs and vines
    and herbaceous plants
  • Much precipitation (75 to 200 cm /yr) (3-8x that
    of tundra)
  • Milder winters, warm to hot summers
  • Great variety of animals, including reptiles and
    amphibians

12
Temp. Decid. Forest (contd)
  • Abundance of pines (evergreens) in the SE US is
    only temporary
  • Succession as ecosystem ages, new flora
    species replace previous ones (e.g., grass to
    low shrubs and vines to evergreens to hardwoods)
    as flora change so will fauna
  • Here, climax successional stage is oak/hickory
    forest

13
Temperate Grassland
Image Sources savanna.ntu.edu.au/i...n/images/al
aric2.jpg, www.narragansett.k12...agerg/grassland
s.jpg, www.paulnoll.com/Ore...ology-grasslands.jp
g, www.interplayart.com...ot/Grasslands_D1.jpg,
mountain.nationalgeo...na/lg/na0805a_lg.jpg,
www.nationalgeograph...t/lg/at0714aS_lg.jpg
14
Temperate Grassland
  • Areas of predominantly tall, mixed, or short
    grasses sandwiched between temperate deciduous
    forests and deserts
  • Annual precipitation of 25-100 cm
  • Extremely fertile soil (US Midwest farms)
  • Natural grasslands destroyed for agriculture
    very little left in world
  • Short grass prairie crops and cattle

15
Savanna
  • Subtype of grassland tropical grassland in
    Southern Hemisphere (Africa, South America, and
    Australia)
  • Seasonal drought, warm climate, dotted with
    stands of trees, and home to typical large
    mammals (e.g. in Africa, elephants, giraffes,
    zebras, lions, spring boks, cape buffalo, etc.)

16
Desert
Image Sources www.GroupTourstoIndi.../desert-fes
tival.jpg, www.caingram.info/Us/Usa/Pix/Death-6.j
pg, Fig. 32.32
17
Desert Got Water?
  • Desert area receiving lt 25 cm annual
    precipitation evaporation gt precipitation
  • Deserts may be cold, temperate, or hot
  • Flora and fauna specialized to survive with
    little water collect and conserve
  • Soils poor because lack of water very little
    biomass, or net productivity, low organics
    inability to hold water
  • Concentration of inorganic salts high

18
Tropical Rainforest
Fig. 32.33
19
Tropical Rainforest
  • Large warm equatorial areas, abundant annual
    precipitation (200-450 cm and even to 1000 cm for
    some) with high biomass productivity and
    biodiversity
  • 7 of Earths land mass under massive
    destruction can not be replaced
  • Poor, acidic soil plants uptake
    quickly-decomposed organic nutrients

20
Polar Ice and Mountains
  • Polar Regions
  • Cold, dry, devoid of terrestrial plant life
  • Animals capable of living in frigid conditions
    and basis of survival on highly productive marine
    ecosystem
  • Mountains
  • Increase in altitude similar to northern
    latitudes (cooler climate and conifers)
  • Rain shadow on lee side (desert area)

21
Chaparral
  • Not a grassland
  • Punctuated with low-growing evergreen shrubs,
    pines, and scrub oaks
  • Lands on Western coast lines with Mediterranean
    type climate (wet mild winter/ hot dry summer,
    ocean winds)

Image source www.californiachapar...Shanks_Chapa
rral.jpg
22
Biome Ecological Concerns
  • Tundra/Taiga ore mining, oil drilling, ecosystem
    fragmentation, global warming/species changes
  • Temperate Deciduous Forests human destruction
    for resources and population
  • Temperate Grasslands very little remaining,
    non-native grass species agriculture
  • Deserts In US, human encroachment
  • Tropical Rain Forests - human destruction for
    resources and population expansive loss of
    species, biomass net productivity

23
Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Marine
  • Freshwater
  • Estuary
  • Wetland

Image Sources www.exn.ca/news/imag...8/19990308-
coral.jpg, dos.cornell.edu/CLT/...hy/images/Strea
m.jpg, www.mapua.co.nz/imagges/mapua_toitoi.jpg,
www.co.hubbard.mn.us...tos/Type-2_small.jpg
24
Marine Ecosystems
Photic zone surface to 100 m down
photosynthesis occurs
Saltwater oceans cover ¾ of Earths surface.
Fig. 32.34
25
Marine contd
  • Abundance of life is generally greater
  • Nearer coast (intertidal zone) due to stirring
    action of waves and nearer surface from light
  • In polar regions than tropical regions
  • (abundant food for large organisms)
  • In tropical coral reefs along shallow coastlines

26
Marine contd
  • Ecological Concerns
  • Overfishing and industrial fishing techniques
    that destroy deep water habitats
  • Human pollution of the coastal waters (sewage,
    construction erosion, chemical use, etc.)
  • Human physical destruction of sensitive
    ecosystems such as coral reefs, tidal pools

27
Freshwater Ecosystems
Inland freshwater streams, ponds, and lakes cover
2.1 of Earths surface.
Fig. 32.36
28
Freshwater contd
  • Natural lake nutrient concentrations (phosphorus
    often is limiting factor)
  • Shallow, nutrient rich eutrophic
  • Abundant aquatic photosynthesis and animals
    (cloudy, murky water)
  • Occurs naturally over long periods of time
  • Deeper, nutrient poor oligotrophic
  • Few nutrients to aid photosynthesis, little
    animal life (clear water)

29
Freshwater Concerns
  • Artificial eutrophication of lakes nutrient rich
    sewage, fertilizers, construction erosion, etc.
    feed algae
  • Algal bloom leads to accumulation of dead algae
    decomposition by oxygen-using bacteria fish
    kills
  • Clean Water Act has helped, but battle not over

30
Estuary
  • Coastal point of contact between freshwater and
    saltwater mix brackish water
  • Constant mixing stirs up nutrients for
    photosynthesizers animal life abundant
  • As productive as tropical rainforests and coral
    reefs
  • Concerns
  • Although protected, human pollution and
    encroachment threaten health of estuaries

31
Wetland
  • Land remaining wet for at least part of the year
    (bog, marsh, swamp, tidal marshes) and very
    productive
  • Most are inland, freshwater
  • Soils and plants can capture pollutants, act as
    wastewater system and clean up
  • Concerns
  • Federal protection requires restoration, but many
    destroyed
  • Loss of migratory bird habitat
  • Winthrop/Rock Hill School District restoration
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